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KIAGARA FALLS : 

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Txjjsris's 

TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

GUIDE TO NIAGAEA 

CONTAINING, ALSO, A DESCRIPTION OF THB 

ROUTE THROUGH CANADA, AND THE GREAT NORTHERN 
ROUTE, FROM NIAGARA FALLS TO MONTREAL, BOS- 
TON, AND SARATOGA SPRINGS. 

ALSO, FCLL AND ACCURATB 

TABLES OF DISTANCES, 

ON ALL RAILROADS KaNNINO TO AND FROM NIAGARA FALLS. 



NIAGARA FALLS: 

W. E. TUNIS, PUBLISHER. 

1856. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in ilie year 1855, 

By W. E. TUNIS, 

In the Clerk's OfBce of the District Court for the Northern 

District of New York 



J. A 0. E. FELTON, 
STEEEOTTPEKS, BUFFALO. 



li^ii) 



PREFACE. 



The design of the present work is to supply a lack whieh 
a comparison with other works of the kind will best 
evince. 

No other Guide now before the public is either suffi- 
ciently recent or sufficiently comprehensive to be safely 
followed by the tourist, at Niagara, and to the West and 
North, It is not without confidence, therefore, that we 
commit this compilation as a reliable and needed " vade 
niecum" to the traveling public. 



CONTENTS. 



Niagara Falls, 9 

Bath Island Bridge, 9 

Goat Island, 11 

Luna Island, 12 

Hog's Back, 12 

American Fall, 13 

Center Fall, 15 

Three Profiles, 14 

Biddle's Stairs, 16 

Three Sisters, 21 

Nary Island,... 28 

Grand Island, 31 

The Rapids, 32 

Ferry Railway and Stairs, 35 

Catlm's Cave 37 

Suspension Bridge, 38 

Whirlpool, 41 

Table Rock, 46 

Lundy's Lane Bat. Gr'd.. 49 

Niagara Frontier, 60 

NoRTHEKx Route, 71 

Lewiston, 72 

Queenston, 73 

Brock's Monunaent, 74 

Toronto, 76 

Cohourg, 77 

Kingston, 77 

Oswego, 79 

Sackets Harbor, ^.. 80 

Cape Vincent, 80 

Thousand Islands, 81 

Ogdensburg, 83 

Lake St, Francis, 88 

Montreal, 87 

Lake Champlain, 89 



Guide to the West, 91 

Niagara Susp'n Bridge,., 92 
Crossing the Mountain,.. 93 

St. Catharines, 95 

Hamilton, 100 

Hamilton & Toronto R.R.103 

Toronto, 106 

Dunda.B, 108 

Fairchild's Creek, 109 

Paris, 110 

Gait, 110 

Woodstock, Ill 

Ingersoll, 112 

London, ..113 

Lobo, 115 

Chatham, 116 

Windsor, .118 

Refreshment Saloons and 
Telegraph Stations, 119 

Tables of Distances, 123 

New York Central R. R .125 

Hudson River R. R 127 

Elmira, Can. & N, F. R. R.128 

N. Y. & ErieR. R 129 

Great Western Railway, .130 

Michigan Cent. R. R 131 

Williarasport & Elmira,.. 132 
Cat., Will. & Erie R. R...133 
Schenectady & Saratoga,. 133 

Western Railroad, 134 

Great Northern Route, ..135 

SaratoQja Springs, 135 

N. Falls and Montreal,.. 136 
Buf., N. F. & Lewiston,.. 136 
Erie & Ontario R. R 136 



TUN"I8'S , 

GUIDE TO NIAGAEA. 



arrfbal at m i?alls. 

Feom whatever point of the village you may be 
starting, a cloud of spray, or the noise of the cataract, 
will indicate the general direction of your footsteps. 
Arriving on Main Street, pass down the street leading 
between the Cataract and International Hotels, and you 
are in full view of the river at the point where it is 
spanned by 

2Sati[) £slanU 3Stiti3c. 

It is Oilener asked than answered, how this bridge 
wag. constructed ! In the first place, a massive abut- 
ment was built at the water's edge, from which long 
timbers were projected, heavily loaded at the rear ends 
with stone ; the ends over the water being additionally 
supported by legs resting on the river's bed. Upon 
these timbers a platform was built, from which an 
abutment of stone was sunk in the water ; this abut- 
ment serving as a new basis for building another, and 
so on until the whole was completed. 



10 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Bath Island Bridge — Chapin Island — Bath Islaad. 

The first bridge was thrown over at the head of 
Goat Island in 181*7 ; but having been carried away 
the ensuing spring by ice-floats fi-om Lake Erie, it 
was succeeded by the present one in 1818. It was 
while this bridge was repairing, in the summer of 1839, 
that one of the workmen, a Mr. Chapin, was. acci- 
dentally thrown from the frame-work into the river, 
and carried by the current to the first of the two 
smallest islands below, since called, fi'om this circum- 
stance, Chapin Island. He was thence rescued by the 
strong nerve and skillful hand of Mr. Joel R. Robin- 
son, a name associated with many a gallant rescue 
fi:om these waters. 

No point commands so fine a view of the rapids as 
the bridge. The delicate tints of the water are here 
especially noticeable. The waves break into a myriad 
fantastic forms, in every moment of time ; in each 
successive change catching the sunlight under somfe 
new variety of condition, and throwing it back in some 
new transfusion of hues. 

The fall of the river's bed, fi:'om the head of the 
rapids to the verge of the precipice, is fifty-eight feet. 
This gradual descent, by confusing the fines of vision 
as you gaze up the river, gives to the fiirthest crest of 
the rapids a skyish, indefinite appearance, suggestive 
of the Infinite ; then turning from this to where the 
river disappears in its final leap, you seem to have real- 
ized in space the similitude of life 

" — Standing 'twixt two eternities." 
Having crossed the bridge you are at the toU-gate on 



1 

GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 11 



Bath Island — Lover's Retreat — Brig Island — Goat Island. 

3Sat!) Kslanti, 

Enter the toll-house, pay twenty-five cents, register 
your name, and you are entitled to cross as often as you 
please during the current year with no additional charge. 
Leaving the toll-house, that small, sentimental-look- 
ing island on your left is called " Lover's Retreat ; " the 
island just beyond that, Brig Island. That large build- 
ing on your right is a paper-mill, owned by Bradley 
& Co. of Buffalo ; said to be the largest in the state. 
Passing from Bath Island over a short bridge, you 
stand on 

€Koat Kslantr, 

This, though not the largest, is by far the most beautiftil 
island in the Niagara. Long before it was bridged to 
the American shore, it was visited from time to time 
by the few to whom its attractions were of more potent 
consideration than the peril of reaching it. The late 
Judge Porter, who visited it in 1805, remembered 
having seen the names of strangers cut into the bark 
of a beech near Horseshoe Fall, with the subjoined 
dates of 1111, 1112, and 1119. 

The island is now owned by the Porter family, to 
whom it was ceded by the state of New York in 1818. 
It derived its name from the circumstance of a Mr. 
Stedman, of Schlosser, having placed some goats on it 
to pasture. This was in 1110. The area of the island 
is sixty-one and a half acres ; its circumference about 
one mile. 

Three paths branch off from the road by which you 



12 GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 



Hog's Back — Luna Island — Dreadful Accident. 

ascend the bank, the middle one dividing the island 
into two nearly equal parts, the left leading to the 
head of the island, and the right (the one usually taken) 
to the American Fall. Following this path, you are 
conducted through a colonnade of forest trees, with 
the rapids at your right, over a space of eighty rods, 
to the north-western point of the island, called, by what 
process of association no mortal can tell, 

It was while walking directly under this point that the 
lamented Dr. Hungerford, of West Troy, N. Y., was 
killed in the spring of 1839,^ by the crumbling of a 
portion of the rock from above. This is the only 
accident that has ever occurred at the Falls by the 
falling of rock. 

Passing by a narrow foot-path down the bank, and 
crossing the short bridge at your right, you stand upon 
a lovely spot called 

SUnnn JEslanU, 

On the northern edge of this island, a few feet above 
the precipice, is a spot of mournful memory. On 
June 21, 1849, the family of Mr. Deforest, of Buffalo, 
together with Mr. Charles Addington, their friend, were 
viewing the scenery from this point. The party, in 
fine spirits, were about leaving the island when Mr. 
Addington, advancing playfully to Miss Annette, the 
little daughter of Mrs. DeiOrrest, said, " I am going 
to throw you in," at the same time hfting her lightly 



14 GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 



The Three Profiles — Center Fall. 



over tbe edge of the water. With a sudden impulse 
of fear, the startled child flung herself from his hands, 
and struck the wild current of the river. With a shriek 
the 3'oung man sprang to her recoveiy, but before the 
stricken group on. shore had time to speak or move, 
they had both passed over thg precipice. The crushed 
remains of the lately blooming and buoyant child were 
found in the afternoon of the same day in the Cave of 
the Winds ; and a few days afterward the body of the 
gallant but fated young Addington was likewise recov- 
ered, and committed with many tears to the village 
cemetery. This is perhaps the most touching casualty 
that has ever occurred at the Falls. 

Leaving Luna Island, pause for a moment at the foot 
of the path before you ascend, while we point you out 
an appearance which certain imaginative persons have 
been pleased to call 

®i)e E^xzz 3Profiles. 
These so called profiles are formed by the inequahty 
of projection in that portion of the precipice which is 
formed by the western side of. Luna Island. The rock 
is adjacent to, and almost under the American Fall. 

Etiz €zntzx ifall. 
This is that portion of the American Fall which ia 
cut off by Luna Island. Having now ascended the 
bank, and rested from your fatigue, pass on a few rods 
to where a guide-board points out 



16 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Biddle's Stairs — Sam Patch — Cave of the Winds. 



aSitJUle's stairs. 

These Stairs take their name from the well-knowii 
president of the United States Bank, Nicholas Biddle, 
Esq., at whose expense they were erected in 1829, 

They are secured to the solid rock by ponderous iron 
bolts, and are said to be perfectly safe. The perpen- 
dicular height of the bank at this place is 185 feet; the 
staircase itself being eighty feet high, and consisting of 
ninety steps. From the stairs to the river there is a 
rude pathway ; but it is seldom traversed, except for 
the purpose of angling, an art which, at the .right time 
of the year, is here practiced with the happiest success. 

In 1829, shortly after the completion of the stairs, 
the eccentric Sam Patch, of saltatory memory, made 
his famous leap from a scaffolding ninety-six feet high, 
erected in the water at a point between this and the 
Center Fall. 

From the foot of Biddle's Stairs two paths lead in 
opposite directions, one toward the Canada, and the 
other toward the American Fall. The former has been 
obstructed by sKdes from abo\e, and is not, perhaps, 
altogether safe. Taking tlie latter, a few minutes' 
walk brings you to the celebrated Cave of the Winds. 
Dresses and guides are here ready for your accommo- 
dation. The formation of this cave was of easy process. 
The gradual wearing away by the water of the shaly 
substratum of the precipice has left the limestone rock 
above projecting at least 80 feet beyond the base ; thus 
forming an open cave, over which falls in det^ folds of 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. l7 



iEolus's Cave — Byron's Description of Cascade of Velino. 

azure, the magnificent curtain of tlie Center Fall. Tlie 
compression of the atmosphere by the falling water is 
here so great that the cave is rendered as stormy and 
turbulent as that of old Jjlolus himself, from whose 
classical majesty, indeed, it derived its first name — 




Gazing now below you at that delicate textured ram- 
bow trembling in the angry sui^ge, you will hardly fail 
to remember Byron's vivid description of the bow at 
the cascade of Yelino : 

" From side to side, beneath the glittering morn, 
An Iris sits, amidst the infernal surge, 
Like hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn 
Its stealy dyes, while all around ia torn 



18 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



The Precipice — Goldsmith's Description. 



By the distiacted waters, bears serene 
Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn ; 
' Resembling, 'mid the torture of the scene, 
Love watching madness with unalterable mien." 

Ascending Biddle's Stairs, your course conducts you to 
the right, along the verge of the precipice. Observe 
how the bank is gradually wearing away, by slides of 
land and crumbling of rocks, from its side. It was near 
these stairs that the crash occurred in 1843. The 
detached rock now Hes at the foot of the staircase. 

By the time you have reached the other side of the 
island you will be prepared to duly appreciate the esti- 
mate of its width, with which Dr. Goldsmith edified the 
ingenuous youth of his time : "Just in the middle of 
this circular wall of waters, a little island that has 
braved the fury of the current presents one of its 
points, and divides the stream at top into two parts ; 
but they unite again long before they reach the bottom." 
Its width is, in tact, from fall to fall, seventy-five rods. 
Some ambitious candidate for applause, in speaking of 
this island, has called it "the forehead of Niagara, and 
the cataracts on either side, her streaming hair, puffed 
up a la Jenny Lind, and tied back with rainbows." But 
you have, by this time, reached the south- Avestern corner 
of the island. Be seated in the arbor near by, if you 
please, and we will pay the highest possible compliment 
to yourself, while gracefully acknov/ledging our own 
impressions of the scene, by — silence. There are 
many descriptions of the Falls ; but they are all too 
lucklessly true to the /o?"m of their subject — oceans 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 19 



Description of the Falls — Horseshoe Fall — Prospect Tower. 

of sublimity falKng into perilous depths of bathos. It 
may, however, be remarked in passing, that, take 
whatever point of view we may, we find Nature here 
expressing herself in bold and beautiful antitheses ; the 
Titanic strength and majesty of the cataract, and the 
soft, grovy tendrils that bathe their verdure in its 
spray, — the wild, distracted, maniac surge, and the 
delicate rainbow shivering in its embrace, — the whirl- 
wind roar of falling floods, and the braided lullaby 
of lapsing streams. Niagara is all- antitheses, all 
" contrasted charms ! " This is commonly called the 
Horseshoe Fall, a name derived from the shape that 
the curve formerly assumed. The gradual wearing 
away from beneath, and falling down from above of 
the rocks, has now changed the figure from that of a 
horseshoe to something more nearly resembling that 
of a right angle. 

The width of this fall is about 144 rods ; its height, 
158 feet. The depth of the water in the center, or 
deepest part of the stream, id estimated at twenty feet. 
That fight-house looking structure built out in the 
water, two or three rods fi^om the Fall, is caUed 

3Prosj)ect Eotoer. 

It was erected in 1833, by the late Judge Porter. Its 
height is forty-five feet. The bridge leading from the 
island to Prospect Tower is called 

This Bridge is subject to the action of the spray ; a 



20 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Terrapin Bridge — Accident — Fall of a portion of Rock. 

little care should therefore be taken in crossing it. In 
the winter of 1852, a gentleman from West Troy, N. Y., 
while crossing to the tower, fell into the current, 
and was carried to the verge of the fall, where he 
lodged between two rocks. He was discovered by two 
of the citizens, who rescued him by throwing out lines 
which he fastened around his body. He remained 
speechless for several hours after being taken to his 
hotel. 

From the tower, you get the best view of the shape 
of the fall, and the clearest idea of how it has been 
modified by the action of the water. This action has 
been especially violent during the last few years. On 
Sunday, Feb. 1, 1852, a portion of the precipice, 
stretching from the edge of the island toward the 
tower, about 125 feet long and sixty feet wide, and 
reaching from near the top to the bottom of the fall, 
fell with a crash of thunder. The next day another, a 
triangular piece, with a base of about forty feet, broke 
off just below the tower. Between the two portions 
that had thus fallen off, stood a rectangular projection 
about thirty feet long and fifteen feet wide, extending 
from the top to the bottom of the precipice. This 
immense mass became loosened from the main body of 
the rock, and settled perpendicularly about eight feet, 
where it now stands, an enormous column 150 feet 
high by the dimensions named above. 

The line of division between the government of the 
United States and that of Canada is in the deepest part 
of the channel, or through the angular part of the fall. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA PALLS. 21 



The Three Sisters — Narrow Escape — Moss Island. 

Leaving Prospect Tower and the Horseshoe Fall, 
and wending our way along the bank of the river to the 
east, the next great point of interest is 

STIje Sljree Sisters. 

These are three small islands, lying side by side, near 
the head of Goat Island- The remotest of this trinity 
is the island from which Mr Joel R. Eobinson rescued 
a Mr. Allen in the summer of 1841. Mr. Allen, having 
started just before sundown for Chippewa, (a village 
three miles up the river on the Canada side,) had the 
misfortune to break one of his oars in the midst of the 
river. The current caught his boat and bore it rapidly 
toward the Falls. As his only hope of safety, he 
steered with the remaining oar for the head of Goat 
Island ; but failing to strike that, he was bearing swiftly 
past this little island, when, knowing that the alter- 
native was certain doom, he sprang for the land, and 
reached it with but little injury. Having matches in 
his pocket, he struck a signal light at the head of the 
island, but it was not seen until morning. Mr. Eobinson 
rescued him by means of a boat and cable. 

The first of the sisterhood, or the island nearest you, 
is called Moss Island. That feathery show of a cataract 
between yourself and Moss Island is called the Hermit's 
Cascade, from its having been the usual bathing-place of 

J?rancis ^b&ott, tt)e ?i|ennit of Magara. 

Beside his once favorite haunt, we will, with your 
permission, relate his story. The history of this 



22 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



The Hermit of Niagara. 



singular individual has been given ih various forms, from 
the hurried compilation of a guide-book to the extrav- 
agances of a romance. We present you with only what 
is known of him by all who lived in the village at the 
time of his residing here. 

His first appearance at Niagara was in the afternoon 
of June 18, 1839. He was a young man then, tall and 
well-formed, but emaciated and haggard; of an easy 
and gentlemanly deportment, but sufficiently eccentric 
in his appearance to arrest the gaze of the stranger. 

Clad in a long, flowing robe of brown, and carrying 
under his arm a roll of blankets, a book, portfolio, and 
flute, he proceeded directly to a small, retired inn, where 
he engaged a- room for a week, stipulating, however, 
that the room was to be, for the time, exclusively his, 
and that only a part of his food was to be prepared by 
the family. Soon after, he visited the village library, 
entered his name, and drew books. About the same 
time, also, he purchased a violin. At the expiration of 
a week he returned to the hbrary, where, falling into 
conversation, he spoke with much - enthusiasm on the 
subject of the Falls, and expressed his intention of 
' remaining here some time longer. 

Shortly afterward he asked permission of the pro- 
prietor of these islands to erect a cabin on Moss Island, 
that he might live here in greater seclusion than the 
village afforded him. Failing in this "request he took 
up his abode in part of a small log-house, which then 
stood near the head of Goat Island. Here for nearly 
two years he continued to live, with no companion^ 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 28 



The Hermit of Niagara. 



but his dog, his books, and music — blameless but 
almost unknown. On this island, at hours when it was 
unfrequented by others, he delighted to roam, heed- 
less, if not oblivious of danger. At that time a stick of 
timber about eight inches square extended from. Terra- 
pin Bridge eight feet beyond the precipice. On this he 
has been seen at almost all hours of the night, pacing 
to and fro beneath the moonlight, without the slightest 
apparent tremor of nerve or hesitancy of step. Some- 
times he might be seen sitting carelessly on the extreme 
end of the timber — sometimes hanging beneath it by 
his hands and feet. Although exquisitely sensitive in- 
his social habits, he seems to have been without an 
apprehension in the presence of danger. After residing 
on Goat Island two winters, he ' crossed^ Bath Island 
Bridge, and built him a rude cabin of boards at Point 
View, near the American Falh ( Vide p. 36.) Al- 
though brought into the immediate neighborhood of 
the villagers, he held but little intercourse with them ; 
sometimes, indeed, refusing to break his silence by oi-al 
communication with any one. At times, however, he 
was extremely affable to all, easily drawn into conver- 
sation, and supporting it with a regard to convention- 
alism, and a grace and accuracy of expression that 
threw a charm over the most trivial subject of remark. 
The late Judge De Vaux was perhaps the only per- 
son with whom he was really familiar. With him he 
would often interchange arguments, by the hour, on 
some point of theology — his favorite topic of discus- 
sion. His views on this subject '^IZ'C by no means 



24 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



The Hermit of Niagar^. 



Stable ; but as far as they assumed a definite form they 
seemed neai^ly akin to those held by the Society of 
Friends. But it was in his brUhant reminiscences of 
foreign lands and scenes that he was especially glorious. 
All his subjective speculations were tinged by shadows 
of melancholy or despair ; but in describing the glo- 
ries of nature and art, the scholar and the amateur 
lifted off the cowl of the hermit, and revealed the en- 
thusiasm of a spirit still exquisitely aJive to the kindling 
touch of Beauty. He had wandered among the ruins 
of Asia and Greece, and studied the trophies of art in 
the celebrated picture galleries of Italy. 

Of music he was passionately fond, and played his 
own compositions, in the opinion of some, with ex- 
quisite taste; while others declare his execution to have 
been only mediocre, if not absolutely inferior. 

Every day, after his removal to the main-land, it 
was his custom to descend the ferry stairs to bathe in 
the river below; and it was while thus engaged that he 
was accidentally drowned, June 10, 1841. Ten days 
afterward his body was found at the outlet of the river, 
and brought back to the village, where it was committed 
to the earth in sight of the scenes he so much loved. 

After his decease a number of citizens repaired 
to his cabin to take charge of his effects. Little how- 
ever was to be found: his faithful dog guarded the 
door; his cat lay on the lounge; and his books and 
music were scattered around the room. Writing was 
sought for in vain. It is said, notwithstanding, that 
he wrote much, but always in Latin, and committed 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 25 



The Hermit of Niagara. 



his productions to the flames almost as soon as 
composed. 

You will now ask, " What caused him to lead the 
life of a hermit ? " This question has never been an- 
swered. It is commonly supposed that he had been 
the victim of some disappointment; but we ha/ve 
nothing to relieve the supposition. Members of his 
family have, since his death, visited Niagara; from 
whom we learn only that Francis was a son of the late 
John Abbott, of Plymouth, England, a member of 
the Society of Friends, and that in his youth he al- 
ternated the most indefatigable devotion to his studies 
with the most excessive dissipations of a gay me- 
tropolis. If we were to decide from our present knowl- 
edge of his history, we should say that his social 
eccentricities were owing rather to the constitutional 
tendencies of his muid, developed by the tenor of his 
early life, than to any one controlling circumstance ; that 
study, dissipation, and, possibly, disappointments, had 
so far destroyed the harmony of both mind and body, 
that, with Childe Harold before him, he 

" From his native land resolved to go, 
And visit scorching climes beyond the sea; 
With pleasure drugged, he almost longed for woe, 
And e'en for change of scene, would seek the shades below." 

We have given only what we know of his life. 
There still remains a wide margin which each may 
fill up, as best suits himself, with the speculations 
of romance. 



26 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Gallant Feat of Mr. Robinson. 



Begging your pardon for detaining you here so long, 
let us continue our course around the island. 

On tliis rise of ground, a few rods above the Her- 
mit's Cascade, pause a moment, while we relate a 
gaUant feat performed here in June of 1854. A large 
sand-scow had broken loose from its moorings, and 
lodged between two rocks nearly opposite the head of 
the island, and in range with the furthest of the Three 
Sisters. Property was on board, and Mr. Robinson 
consented to undertake to save it. Accordingly, in the 
presence of hundreds of spectators, accompanied by 
' his son, he pushed his skiff from the head of the island, 
struck out above the boat, and then dropped with the 
speed of an arrow down the ctirrent. With incredible 
quickness the son sprang from the skiff' at the right 
moment, and secured it to the scow. But how to re- 
turn! Strangers said that h£ could rut doit. Those 
who knew Mr. Robinson felt that he wotdd, while they 
wondered how he could ! Below him is a cascade eight 
feet high ; there is a danger of his going over that, and 
then ^— but meanwhile the father is again in the skiff, 
and now the son loosens the fastening, and there 
they go like thought. ^^ TJiey^re lo.st f^ runs through 
the crowd on shore. They are nearing the fall ; in a 
second they are on its brink, and — a graceful touch of 
the oars, and the flying boat is as motionless as if on 
land. Their skiff" is poised on the very verge of that 
wild cascade ; " but they can return," was now the 
hope and the thought of aU. Quickly they lift their 
oars, — and quickly are lost in the dashing surge. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 



27 



View frdm Head of Goat Island. 



They are not lost long, however ; for, landing on the 
second "Sister," they carry their boat to the foot of 
that island, launch it again in the waves, and careering 
in a bold sweep through the rapids, reach the shore 
amid deafening plaudits. 

A few rods fm^ther on, and you have reached the 

mtnXi of ®foat 35slanti. 
This point commands a comprehensive view in out- 
line of the river and its environs for some miles of its 
course. Looking up the right bank, you behold, at a 
distance of about one mile, a small, white farm-house, 
with a chimney of most disproportionate size. This 




SCULOSSER LANDING. 

is the site of the old Fort Schlosser, a name cele- 
brated in border story. That towering chimney was 
taken entire from the mess-house attached to the es- 
tablishment. This fort was built at an early date by 
the French, and called by them Little Fort. At the 
close of the Anglo-French war in America, it was ceded 
to the English, and was first occupied as a military post 
of the latter by Capt. Sclilosser, from whom it derived 



28 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Navy Island — Canadian Rebellion. 



its second name. One mile above Fort Schiobser is 
Schlosser Landing. In a diagonal direction from this 
point, and near the Canada shore, is 

!^ab» Sslaiitr. 
This island has an area of 304 acres, and belongs to 
the realms of Her Britannic Majesty. It is closely asso- 
ciated with Schlosser by an affair which, as it has not 
yet found its way into the pages of Bancroft or Hil- 
dreth, we will briefly relate : In IS^*?, a rebellion was 
stirred up against the authorities of Canada, by some 
disaffected " Radicals," under the leadership of Wm. 
Lyon McKenzie and some others ; but, Her Majesty's 
subjects not caring to side with the "Rebels" in any 
great number, the movement was speedily put down. 
But not so the leaders. They — i. e. McKenzie, Gen. 
Sutherland, and five or six and twenty others — at the 
suggestion of a Dr. Chapin of Buffalo, unfurled the 
standard of rebellion over this island, designing to 
make it a rendezvous for the restlessly patriotic of both 
sides of tlie river, until sufficient strength should be 
gained to renew the attack. Matters were going on 
pleas5,ntly — the "Patriots " being daily edified by ac- 
cessions to their strength, though greatly demoralized 
by a barrel of whisky that found its way to their pant- 
ing hearts — when the dilficulty of " transporting vol- 
unteers and supplies to their place of destination," and 
" the number of persons from motives of business or 
curiosity constantly desirous of passing and repassing 
from the main-land to the patriot camp, suggested to 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 29 



Machination of Sir Allan McNab. 



Mr. Wells, the owner of a small steamboat lying at 
Buffalo, called the Caroline, the idea of taking out the 
necessary papers, and running hiri vessel as a ferry-boat 
between the American shore and the islands, for his own 
pecuniary emolument." * Accordingly, Friday, Decem- 
ber 29, the CaroUne left Buffalo for Schlosser; and 
after having arrived, having made several trips during 
the day, on account of the owner, was moored to the 
wharf at Schlosser Landing during the night. 

Colonel Sir Allan McNab, then commanding at Chip- 
pewa a detachment of Her Majesty's forces, having got 
word of the enterprise of the Caroline, resolved upon 
a deed which relieves the farcical story of the rebellion 
by a dash of genuine outrage. It is asserted that Sir 
Allan was informed that the Caroline was in the inter- 
est of the Patriots, chartered for their use, and intended 
to act offensively against the Canadian authorities. 
Whether this be true or not, he planned her destruc- 
tion that very night. For this purpose, a chosen band 
is detailed, and placed under the command of a Cap- 
tain Drew, a retired-on-half-pay officer of the royal 
navy. 

At midnight the captain received his parting orders 
from Sir Allan, and the chivalrous band departed in 
eight boats for the scene of their gallant dating. 

The unconscious Caroline, meanwhile, lay peacefully 
at her moorings, beneath the stars and stripes of her 
country's banner. As the tavern at Schlosser — the 



* Peek's Tourist's Companion. 



30 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Seizure of the Caroline — Tht» Buruing Boat. 

, , . ___ 

only building near by — could accommodate but a lim- 
ited number of persons, several had sought a night's 
lodging within the sides of the boat. Dreaming of no 
daiiger, they had retired to rest unprovided with arms. 
Thus was the night wearing on, when so stealtliily 
came the hostile band that the faint plash of muffled 
oars was the first intiuiation the sentry had of their ap- 
proach. In reply to his question, " Who goes there ? " 
came, first, '■'■ Frie7ids ! " then, a heavy plashing in 
the water; then, the leaping of armed men to the 
deck. The bewildered sleepers start from their dreams 
and rush for the shore. " Cut them down ! " shrieks 
the heroic Drew, as he thrills with the memory of 
Aboukir and the Nile — "Cut them down, give no quar- 
ter." More or less injured, they escape to the shore, 
with life — all but one, Durfee, the last man to leave, 
who is brought to the earth by a pistol-shot, a corpse ! 
A few minutes and the Caroline moves from the 
shore in flames ! Down the wild current she speeds 
faster and faster, flinging flames in her track, till striking 
the Canada waters she spurns the contact, leaps hke a 
mad fury, and in a .moment more is as dark as the 
night around her. The common account of this affair 
takes it for granted that the boat went over the Canada 
Fall aflame. You will read of the fated vessel lifting 
her fairy form to the verge of the precipice, lighting 
up the dark amphitheater of cataracts, etc., to the end 
of endurance. The case was far otherwise. The 
physician who was called to the wounded at Schlosser 
was riding up the river's bank while the Caroline was 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. SI 



City of Ararat — Burning of Store-ships. 

descending the rapids. This gentleman testifies that 
the boat, a perfect mass of illumination, her timbers all 
aflame, and her pipes red hot, instantly expired when 
she struck the cascade below the head of Goat Island. 

€SranU Kslantr 
Lies not far above Navy Island, is twelve miles in length, 
and from two to seven in breadth. The land is highly 
fertile, and much of it is in actual state of cultivation. 
It was on this island that the late "Major Mordecai M. 
Noah, of New York, designed to build the " City of 
Ararat," as a place of refuge for the scattered tribes of 
Israel. In 1825, he even went so far as to lay the cor- 
ner-stone, amid infinite pomp, and to erect a monument 
commemorative of the occasion. The monument is 
still standing, in excellent state of preservation. 

At the foot of this island lies Buckhorn Island, with 
an area of about 300 acres. Between these two' islands 
is an arm of the river, deep and clear, caUed 

2Surnt SMp 3Sas, 
From a circumstance connected with the close of the 
French war in 1*769. The garrison at Schlosser had 
already made a gallant resistance to one attack of the 
English, and were preparing for another, when, dis- 
heartened by the news of the fall of Quebec, they re- 
solved to destroy the two armed vessels containing 
their military stores. Accordingly, they brought th-^ra 
to this bay and set them on fire. The wrecks, even at 
this day, are sometimes visible. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 



33 



A Man in Jeopardy. 



On yoiir return from Goat Island to the main-land, 
nothing requires special notice until you are again 
crossing Bath Island Bridge. Standing midway be- 
tween the toll-house and main-land, and looking toward 
the precipice, you see, at a distance nearly half-way 
between the bridge and the cataract, a log protruding 
fi'om amidst the waves. That is the spot so intimately 
associated with 



Bf^t JFate of ^bcrj. 

On Friday evening, July 19, 1853, two young Ger- 
mans, belonging to a sand-scow which lay moored for the 
night at the French Landing, took a small boat at- 
tached to the scow^, and started out on the river for a 
pleasure sail. Nothing more is known of them until 
the next morning, when one of them, Joseph Avery, 
was discovered chnging to that log; the other had, 
doubtless, oeen carried over the precipice the evening 
before The inmates of the toll-house heard cries 
thi-ough the night, but not suspecting their source, 
gave them no further heed. 

As soon as the peril of the man became known, vast 
numbers of citizens and strangers thronged to the 
river's side, anxious to witness his escape. A boat was 
procured, and let down the current by ropes, but it 
swamped before reaching him. Another was brought 
and sent to the log, but the lines attached to it became 
hopelessly entangled among the rocks. In this way, all 
the plans of the forenoon miscarried. Early in the 
afternoon, a stoutly built raft was prepared, and let down 



34 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Futile Efforts for his Rescue. 

the river till it lay along side the log; to w^hich Avery 
bound himself with cords provided for that purpose ; 
not touching, however, the food that was also sent him, 
so anxious was he to escape. 

The raft was then drawn slowly toward the shore, 
but had gone only a little way, when it became immov- 
ably fixed in the rocks. The excited throngs that had 
waited since mormng for the rescue of the unhappy 
man, now doubly moved as hope grew fainter and 
fainter, prayed passionately for his deliverance.- The 
poor fellow himself labored with all hia might, in con- 
cert with his helpers on the; shore, but in vain. 
It was nearly sunset when the attempt was finally re- 
peated. A ferry-boat Wiis then brought from the ferry, 
and sent down toward the raft. Seeing it approach, 
Avery cut away the cords that bound him, and when 
it was within a few feet of him, sprang to reach it; but, 
weakened by long fasting and fatigue, his strength 
failed him, and he struck the water. Just at this crisis, 
a young man, breathless with haste, presented himself 
at the bridge, and applied for admission to the guards 
who were keeping off the crowd. On being refused, 
he cried out piteously, in broken accents, '■'■It is my 
brother ! " He had heard of his brother's peril in a 
neighboring city, and had hurried to the scene of dan- 
ger, only in time to hear that brother hailed by the 
despairing cries of thousands, and to see him struggling 
amid the wild waves that soon closed over him forever. 

Having now visited the most interesting portion of 
the scenery on the American side, you will, perhaps. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 35 



Ferry Eailway and Stairs — Point View. 



wish to cross the river, and explore the Canadian bank ; 
if so, for topographical directions, turn to page 45. 
For convenience of reference, we shall &st complete 
our view of the American side, and then take up the 
Canadian topics by themselves. 

Following the course of the river from the bridge 
toward the precipice. Whether on the bank or through 
Ferry Grove, a short walk brings you to 

STfte JFcrrg 3?*ailiDa2 antt Stairs. 
Which descend through a cut in the bank to the 
water's edge, a distance of 360 feet. The spiral stairs 
constructed here in 1825, having become shaky with 
age, the present novel but commodious contrivance 
was inaugurated in 1845. The flight of stahs leading 
along the railway consists of 290 steps. The car is 
drawn up the inclined plane by water-power — an over- 
shot- wheel being turned by a stream diverted from the 
river for that purpose. Around a wheel eight feet in 
diameter, which turns in a horizontal position, at the 
head of the railway, runs a cable two and a half inches 
in diameter and 300 feet in length, attached to a car 
at either end, and supported by pulleys placed at con- 
venient intervals down the grade. 

$3ofnt Ufeto 
Is a sudden elevation of the bank a few rods below the 
ferry-house. UntO five or six years ago, the adjacent 
grounds were tastefully arranged into a pleasure-gar- 
den and bowling-green. Upon this spot stood a 



so 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



The Chinese Pag-^da — Stanzas. 




POINT VIB-W. 

Chinese Pagoda, surmounted Dya camera-obscura. A 
few rods to the east of this stood the cabin of Francis 
Abbott. Apropos of the place, we subjoin 



Stamas 
Addressed to the sojourners at Niagara Falls, on com- 
mencing building the Pagoda, Aug. 11, 1843. 

Those -who have rambled o'er the wild domain, 
And still desire to view it once again, 
Enter the garden where an Abbott dwelt, 
And roam where he, enraptured, gazed and knelt. 
Still, even yet those plaintive strains I hear, 
Which once he wakened — and the pensive tear 
Steals softly o'er my cheek, while the full heart 
Essays to know what sorrow winged t]ie dart 
Which sent him forth, a wanderer from his home, 
'Mid these majestic scenes in silent grief to roam. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALBS. 37 



Stanzas addressed to Sojourners — Catlin's Cave. 

Say, wanderers ! Tvould ye dare the wild excess 
Of joy and wonder words can ne'er express ? 
Would ye fain steal a glance o'er life's dark sea, 
And gaze, though trembling, on eternity ? 
"Would ye look out, look down, where God has set 
His mighty signet ? Come — come higher yet, 
And from the unfinished structure gaze abroad, 
And wonder at the power of God ; 
To the Pagoda's utmost height ascend. 
And see earth, air, and sky, in one alembic blend ! 

Up — though the trembling limb and nerveless hand 
Strive to detain thee on the solid land ; 
Up — though the heart may fail, the eye grow dim, 
Soon will the spirit nerve the quivering limb. 
Up the rude ladder ! gain the utmost verge ; 
Far, far below, behold the angry surge ; 
Beneath your feet the rainbow's arch declines. 
Gleaming with ticher gems than India's mines ; 
And deep within the gulf, yet farther down, 
'Mid mist, and foam, and spray, behold Niagara's crown. 

Almira. 



©atlfix's €:abe. 
Two caves were discovered about three-fourths of a 
mile below the ferry, in 1825, by a Mr. Catlin of Lock- 
port. The one which bears his name — the larger and 
more curious of the two — is "a round hollow in the 
center of a large, and nearly spherical rock, formed by 
a deposit of calcareous tufa, from the drippings of lime- 
water springs, which gush out_ of the rocks in many 
places at and near the cave." The entrance to this 
cave is extremely contracted, being hardly large enough 
to admit a medium sized man : and the cave itself is 



38 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



The Giant's Cave — The Suspension Bridge. 

but little more than ten feet in its greatest dimension. 
The other, called 

^Slant's €:abe 
Is a little distance above the former, and differs from it 
in being the result of mechanical, as that was of chem- 
ical agency. The hollow was formed by the disinte- 
gration of a portion of the cliff", and somewhat resembles 
an immense fireplace. In both of these caves, speci- 
mens of petrified moss, and stalactite forms of carbonate 
of limie are found ; but not always. 

From the difficulty, if not danger, of reaching these 
caves, they are seldom visited by strangers, and to 
most persons would, perhaps, not repay the trouble of 
a visit. 

STJe Suspcnsfon 3Sritiflc 
Spans the river two miles below the Falls. This stu- 
pendous enterprise was commenced in the summer of 
1852. It is the work of John A. Roebhng, of Tren- 
ton, New Jersey, whose distinguished reputation as an 
engineer has long been established by the successful 
construction of several of the best known suspension 
bridges and aqueducts in the United States. 

It forms a single span of 800 feet in length between 
the towers, and consists of two floors ; the upper, or 
railway floor, being eighteen feet above the lower or 
carriage way. These floors are connected together at 
the sides by open truss work, so as to form, as it were, 
an immense car, 800 feet long, 24 feet wide, and 18 
feet high — all suspended by wire ropes from four 



40 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Description of tlie Suspension Bridge 



cables of about ten inches in diameter, each. Two of 
the cables have a deflection of fifty-four feet, and sus- 
tain the upper floor ; the remaining two, a deflection 
of sixty-four feet, and support the lower floor. The 
connection, however, of the floors by means of the 
side trusses, is such as to cause an tqual strain on both 
sets of cables, from any load passing over either the 
upper or lower floor. The cables are composed of 
No. 9 wire, and are fastened, on both sides of the river, 
by massive iron chains let down from twenty to thirty 
feet into the native rock, and resting upon cast-iron 
saddles on the tops of the towers. 

The following statement will be interesting to the 
general reader, and may be relied on as correct : 
The towers are 15 feet square at the base, and 8 feet 

square at the top. 
Ileight of the American towers above 

the rock, . . 88 feet. 

Height of the Canadian towers above 

the rock, 78 " 

Length of each of the upper cables, . 1,256 " 
Length of each of the lower cables, . 1,190 " 
Average number of wires in each cable, 3,684 

Total number of wires in all four cables, 14,736 

Number of feet of wire, .... .18,129,004 
Number of feet of wire in wire rope, . 3,043,022 
Aggregate length of wire, 20,463,422 feet, or more 

than 4000 miles. 
Ultimate capacity of the four cables, 12,400 tons. 
Total weight of the Suspension Bridge, 800 " 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 41 



Suspension Bridge — The WhirlpooL 



This ample capacity of tlie cables will be better ap- 
preciated when it is stated that the total weight of a 
loaded train of double freight cars covering the entire 
length of the bridge, including the weight of the loco- 
motive, and added to the above weight of the super- 
structure, would be less than 1300 tons. 

The successful completion of this bridge must be 
considered as a new and most important era in the his- 
tory of scientific achievement. It presents the sus- 
pension principle in a manner decidedly original, and 
combines, in a most astonishing degree, strength, 
stiffness, durabihty, and beauty. 




Ef}z 2Wf)irIpooI. 

Three miles below the Falls, the river turns abruptly 
in its course, and springs away to the right. At this 
point the current breaks against a spur of the Canadian 



42 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Whirlpool — Devil's Hole. 



clijBF, and a part of it, being thrown to the left, sweeps 
around in a circular direction before reuniting with tJie 
main stream. This circular current is caUed the Whirl- 
pool. It is usually esteemed by tourists an object of 
considerable interest. An easy path and stairway lead 
down the bank, and the descent is quite free from dan- 
ger. The scenery around this place is subhmely wild 
and picturesque. 




Three miles and a half below the Falls, is a large, tri- 
angular chasm in the river's bank. Into this chasm 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 43 



Legend of tlie Bloody Run. 



falls a small stream called the Bloody Kun. Whatever 
interest the place may possess, aside from its unmiti- 
gated gloom, is derived from association with the tragic 
event that occmred here in 1763, commonly known as 
the 

Sltgents of ttje Mootis 3Elun. 

Among the papers of Sir Wilham Johnson, now 
deposited with the Secretary of State, at Albany, the 
original of the following account is to be found. The 
account itself we extract from Mr. Turner's excellent 
"History of the Holland Purchase." 

" After the possession of Fort Niagara and Schlosser 
by the English, Sir WiUiam Johnson made a contract 
with John Stedman to construct a portage road be- 
tween Lewiston and Schlosser, to facilitate the trans- 
portation of provisions and military stores from one 
place to the other. The road was finished on the 20th 
of June, lYeS, and twenty-five loaded wagon? started 
to go over it, under the conduct of Stedman, as the 
contractor for army transportation, accompanied by 
' fifty soldiers and their officers,' as a guard. A large 
force of Seneca Indians, in anticipation of the move- 
ment, had collected, and lain in ambush near what is 
now called the De^a^s Hole. As the EngUsh party 
were passing the place, the Indians sallied out, sur- 
rounded teams, drivers, and guard, and ' either killed 
on the spot, or drove off the bank,' the whole party, 
'except Mr. Stedman, who was on horseback.' An 
Indian seized his bridle-reins, and was leading him east 



44 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Legend of the Bloody Run. 



to the woods, through the scene of bloody strife, prob- 
ably for the pnrpose of devoting him to the more ex- 
cruciating torments of a sacrifice ; but while the captor's 
attention was drawn in another direction for a moment, 
Stedman, with his knife, cut the reins near the bits, 
at the same time thrusting his spurs into the flanks of 
his horse, and dashing mto the forest — the target for 
a hundred rifles. He escaped unhurt. Bearing east 
about two miles, he struck GiU Creek, which he fol- 
lowed to Schlosser." The Indians, convinced that this 
miraculous escape was the work of the Great Spirit, 
made Stedman a present of all the land he had sur- 
rounded in his course.' This land the heirs of Stedman 
have claimed at law, but the claim has never held 




CROSSING THE KIYER. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 45 

Crossing the River on the Ferry Boat — Canada Side. « 



CANADA SIDE. 



The advisable course, we think, is to cross the river 
bt the Ferry in going, and at the Suspension Bridge in 
returning. The best time for crossing at the Ferry, in 
summer, is either in the morning, or two or three hours 
before sunset. If the light is favorable, — and in sum- 
mer, at these hours, it almost always is, — this crossing 
will probably afford you your most vivid and lasting 
impression of the Falls. Nowhere do you have so fine 
a view of the Falls as /rom below. You may here 
test in your own experience the worth of Burke's 
aesthetic principle with regard to height and depth: 
"I am apt to imagine [Burke on the Sublime and 
Beautiful, §8, ] that height is less grand than depth, 
and that we are more struck at looking down from a 
precipice, than looking up at an object of equal height; 
but of that I am not very sure." This was a necessary 
result of connecting the feeling of the sublime with 
that of self-preservation. We doubtless feel more of 
terror (are more " struck ") in looking down a depth 
than up a height; but terror, so far from being a 
principle, or even a condition of subhmity, can not for 
a moment coexist with its nobler forms. 

Carriages await you at the landing on the Canada 
side. The distance up the bank from the water's edge 



46 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Barnett's Museum — ^ Table Rock 



to the Clifton House is 160 rods. Proceeding fi'om 
the CUfton House along the bank toward the Canadian 
Fall, the first object to arrest your steps is 

SSarnett's MvLSzmn, 

This collection of natural and artificial curiosities is 
well worth seeing. The galleries are arranged to rep- 
resent a forest^ scene, filled with beasts, birds, and 
creeping things. There are, besides, several chained- 
up ferocities in the yard, and a tastefully arranged 
green-house in the garden. The admission fee is 
twenty-five cents. 

A few rods below the museum, Miss Martha K. Rugg 
fell from the bank while attempting to pick a flower 
that grew on its edge. She was hving when reached ; 
but expired soon afterward. This accident occurred 
Aug. 24, 1844. 

EnUz modt 
Is about twenty rods above the museum, at the angle 
formed by the Horseshoe Fall with the Canadian bank. 
The bank here sends out, far beyond the fine of its 
general perpendicular, a regular table-hke ledge of 
rock, in the same plane with the crest of the cataract. 
The form and dimensions of Table Rock have been 
changed by fi:-equent and violent disruptions. In July, 
1818, a mass broke off 160 feet in length, and from 
thirty to forty feet in width. December 9, 1828, three 
immense portions, reaching under the Horseshoe Fall, 
fell "with a shock like an earthquake." In the summer 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 47 



Table Rock — Mrs. Sigourney's Apostrephe to Niagara. 

of 1829, another large mass fell off, and June 26, 1850, 
a piece 200 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 100 feet 
thick. In the part of Table Eock that still remains 
there is a fissure 125 feet long, and 60 feet deep. 
Those who wish to go mide» the Horseshoe Fall can 
descend a road, cut from the museum to the foot of 
the fall, or by an inferior looking flight of stairs, and 
pass under Table Rock to do so. 

It was on Table Rock that Mrs. Sigourney wrote her 
spuited 

i^pos'troplje to Ma^ara, 

Flow on, forever, In th}'- glorious robe 

Of terror and of beauty. God has set 

His rainbow on thy forehead, and the clouda 

Mantled around thy feet. And He doth give 

Tliy voice of thunder power to speak of Him 

Eternally: — bidding the lip of man 

Keep silence, and upon thy rocky altar, pour 

I«icense of awe-struck praise. 

And who can daro 
To lift the insect trump of earthly hope, 
Or love, or sorrow, 'mid the peal sublime 
Of thy tremendous hymn! Even ocean shrinks 
Back/rora thy brotherhood, and his wild waves _ 
Retire abashed; for he doth sometimes seem 
To sleep like a spent laborer, and recall 
His wearied billows from their vieing play, 
And lull them to a cradle calm: but thou. 
With everlasting, undecaying tide, 
' Dost rest not night nor day. 

The morning stars 
"When first they sang o'er young creation's birth, 
Heard thy deep anthem; and those wrecking fires 
That wait the archangel's signal, to dissolve 



48 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Burning Spring — Battle of Chippewa. 



The solid earth, shall find Jehovah's name 
Graven, as with a thousand diamond spears, 
On thine unfathomed page. Each leafy bougJi 
That lifts itself within thy proud domain. 
Doth gather greenness from thy living spray, 
And tremble at the J|)aptism. Lo! yon birds 
Do venture boldly near, bathing their wings 
Amid thy foam and mist. 'T is meet for them 
To touch thy garments here, or lightly stir 
The snowy leaflets of this vapor wreath, 
"Who- sport unharmed on the fleecy cloud. 
And listen at the echoing gate of heaven 
"Without reproof. But as for us, it seems 
Scarce lawful with our broken tones to speak 
Familiarly of thee. Methinks, to tint 
Thy glorious features with our pencil's point. 
Or woo thee with the tablet of a song, 
Were profanation. 

Thou dost make the soul 
A wondering witness of thy majesty; 
And while it rushes with delirious joy 
To tread thy vestibule, dost chain its step, 
And check its rapture, with the humbling view 4 
Of its own nothingness, bidding it stand 
In the dread presence of ttie Invisible, 
As if to answer to its God through thee. 

3Surnina Sjirfng 
Is about one mile above Table Rock, near the river's 
edge. The water of the spring is highly charged with 
sulphureted hydrogen gas, and emits a pale, blue light 
when ignited. To heighten the effect, the phenomenon 
of the burning water is exhibited in a darkened room. 
Near this spot was fought the battle of Chippewa, 
July 5, 1814. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 49 



Lundy'a Lano Battle Ground — Bender's Cave — Maid of the Mist. 



Is one mile and a half westwardly from the Falls. 
On this plain was fought the great battle of the last 
war, July 25, 1814. The loss on both sides, in killed 
and wounded, was nearly 1800. The village near by is 
called Drummondville, in memory of Gen. Drummond, 
then commander of the British forces on the line. 

3SentJcr*s €abe 
Is one mile below the Clifton House, and twenty feet 
below the top of the bank. The cave is a natural 
hollow in the rock, in shape somewhat resembling a 
large oven, and measuring about forty feet in breadth 
and depth. Hermits are respectfully invited to caU and 



m)t neb) JHaftJ of t$e J^fst. 

This beautiful little steamer makes hourly trips every 
day, Sundays excepted, during the summer season, 
between the Suspension Bridge and the Falls. From 
the bridge you have a fine view of her, either lying at 
her mooring, or in graceful motion on her feathery 
course. A trip on the " Maid " can not fail to prove a 
thrilling experience to the most immovably apathetic. 
Passing through two miles of the romantic gorge of the 
Niagara, in full view of its giant wonders, she dashes 
into the very jaws of the cataract, and emerging gaily 
from enveloping rainbows and spray, turns proudly on 
her homeward track. The sublimity of the scene in 



50 TOPOGRPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Yillatre of Niagara Falls. 



passing through the whMing spray cloud, is utterly 
ineffable. 

The first, or trial'Steamer^ was launched in 1846, and 
performed her trips regularly for six years, without an 
accident. The new Maid of the Mist is in every way 
a superior boat. She is of one hundred and seventy 
tons burden, propelled by an engine of over one hun- 
dred horse-power, built expressly for this route. 

Those wishing to make the trip will find omnibuses 
running from the depots and hotels in connection with 
the boat. The boat also touches for passengers at 
both the ferry landings. \Yater-pi'Oof dresses furnished 
on board, free of charge, for those who wish to remain 
on deck while passing the Falls. 

This trip is considered by the ablest judges to be 
perfectly safe, both from the ample secmity of the boat 
itself, and from the peculiar character of this part of 
Niagara river. An evidence of this is the foct that the 
boat is insured at one-half of the usual rate on the 
adjacent lakes. Let us now retm^n whence Vv^e set out, 
to the 

Uniafie of Kiasara jFalb. 
This place is not yet large, it is true, but its recent 
growth has been extremely rapid. Within the last five 
years its population has increased from one thousand 
to nearly three thousand persons. Buildings are every- 
where springmg up, and yet not fast enough to meet 
the demand. The pecuHarities of the place adapt it 
to all classes of persons — to the adventurer, the 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 51 



Village of Niagara Falls — Niagara by Moonlight, 

capitalist, the amateur, the rigid utilitarian, and the lover 
of elegant retirement. One great cause of its present 
prosperity is found in the energetic efforts now making 
to render available for mechanical purposes the vast 
wealth of natural power that has here slumbered for 
ages. An instance of this is the hydraulic canal now 
in process of cutting, fi^om a point about a mile above 
the precipice to a point a half a mile below it. The 
completion of this enterprise is confidently awaited as 
the beginning of a new era in the industrial history of 
this part of the country. The village is not yet large 
enough to render a particular account of its topography 
necessary. The stores and hotels are situated princi- 
pally on Main Street. The churches stand on the street 
immediately in the rear; that is, to the east of this. 
The white frame church belongs to the Methodist 
denomination ; the lai-ge stone one, v/ith the town clock 
in its steeple, to the Presbyterian; the brown church, 
surmounted by a cross, to the Episcopalian; and the 
white stone building north of this, to the Baptist. The 
Romish church stands back of the thnd street in the 
rear of this. 

There is much the same difference between Niagara 
in tlie " gairish light of day" and Niagara bathed in the 
soft splendor of moonlight, that there would be between 
the Paradise Lost in the fi-eedom of its epic grandeur 
and the same translated into vapid prose. The peculiar 
charm of the scene is not in the separate enjoyment of 



52 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Lunar Bow — Indian Tradition. 



the silvery light and of the forceful flood, nor yet in 
any contrast betwee^i the grace of the one and the 
strength of the other, but in the instantaneous blending 
of complementary influences, a sort of "gladness in 
accomplished promise." The pecuUar effect of moon- 
light upon the features of a landscape is to harmonize, 
to soften, to spiritualize. Every thing within its smile 
is hghter and more graceful. The rivers are turned 
into "vales of winding light;" the cliffe loose their 
harshness of outline ; the trees, in their picturesque re- 
pose, look hke the trees of a dream ; even sound itself, 
in sympathy with the scene, falls upon the ear with 
softer cadence. A favorite haunt at Niagara in this 
magical season is Goat Island. It is here that the best 
views are obtained of that rare phenomenon, the Lunar 
Bow. At the time of the full moon this exhibition is 
as perfect as lunar light can make it. At best, how- 
ever, it is very faint, a mere belt of the saintly 
hue. Many persons consider the lunar bow a suf- 
ficient justification of immoderate raptures; but its 
attractiveness, we can not but think, is owing more 
to its being so seldom seen than to any intrinsic beauty 
it may possess. 

KntJicin STratirtion. 
In connection with a list of the casualties at the 
Falls, it is usual .to mention a tradition among the 
Indians that at least two persons must annually be sac- 
rificed to the Great Spirit of these waters. The limit 
on one side, at least, has often been too sadly transcended. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 



63 



Grandeur of Niagara in "Winter. 



^Ciasara In OTmter. 

Comparatively few persons know any thing of the 
indescribable gi^andeur of Niagara in winter. The 
most appreciative of those who have seen it at this season 
pronounce the view superior, in its kind, to that of the 
summer scene. "We copy the following from the edi- 
torial colums of the J^oidsville Journal. It is worthy 
the pen of its poet editor. 

"No one truly appreciates Niagara who has not seen 
it in midwinter. Deeply as the manifold grandeur and 
beauty of its summer aspect impresses the beholder, 
and solemn and deUcious as are the emotions it inspires 
when arrayed in the rich drapery of autumn, it is still 
more impressive when clad in the superb and dazzling 
Hvery of winter. There are few who have had the 
fortune or the hardihood to visit the great cataract at 
all seasons, who will not heartily unite in this judgment. 
We have looked upon it every month in the year, and 
under almost every possible relation, and never without 
a sense of strange, inexpressible elevation, such as one 
might experience in the actual presence of the Infinite ; 
but at no period have we ever felt so exalted and 
transported by its magical sublimity as in the depth of 
winter. There is at this time a universal bleakness 
which repels the vision from discursive movement, 
and concentrates it, with overwhelming effect, upon the 
brilliant spectacle of the cataract itself; and certain?^ 
that spectacle is among the most striking and splendid 
of earthly scenes. We know of no mere physical 



54 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Niagara in its Winter Robos. 



appearance that can rival it in those features which 
impress the human mind most deeply and permanently. 

"Its wonderful enchantment is chiefly due to the 
gradual freezing of the spray, blown thinly over the 
islands and adjacent shores, until the simplest objects 
assQme the most grotesque or significant forms, shaped 
in transparent ice. Yery.marvelous is the change to one 
who stood by that majestic tide in the bright hours of 
August or October. The islands that were then car- 
peted with verdure, and beaming with the soft tints of 
summer, are now laid in ice as' pure and solid as the 
most stainless Parian; while the trees and shrubs, that 
so lately blazed vdth the splendors of autumn, are robed 
in the same spotless vesture, and borne down to the 
very ground by its massy weight. Even the giant 
rocks that shoot up so boldly from the far depths of 
the precipice are hooded and wrapped with vast 
breadths of ice, as if to rebaHe thdr fantastic imperti- 
nence. All things are incased and enveloped with 
gleaming ice. Ice islands are covered with forests of 
ice that bend down to the ice with the iciest of fruits. 
Everywhere but in the immediate channel of the 
swollen and surging river, the ice-giant reigns sover- 
eign of the ascendant —- as sovereign as the Scandina- 
vian mythology would have him reign in the generation 
of the universe. Indeed, when one looks over this 
shivering but radiant scene, it is easy to sympathize 
with the ancient Scalds, who held ice to be the pri- 
meval matter. 

" One of the most singular effects of this frosty 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 55 



Niaa'ara in its Winter Robos- 



doDjinion is displayed upon Luna Island, (of beautiful 
memory,) where the trees are bowed down to the earth 
with their snowy vestments, like so many white nuns 
doing saintly homage to the genius of the place. But 
the most magnificent and bewitching effect is produced 
by the morning sun when it pours over these fairy-lika 
islands and forests a flood of kindling rays. At such 
a moment the characteristic attributes of Niagara seem 
fused and heightened into ' something more exquisite 
still.' Its intrinsic sublimity and beauty experience a 
literal transfiguration. Nature is visibly idealized. 
Nothing more brilliant or enchanting can be conceived. 
The brightest tales of magic 'pale their ineffectual 
fires.' Islands, whose flowers are thickset with dia- 
monds, and forests, whose branches are glittering with 
brilliants, and amethists, and pearls, seem no longer a 
luxurious figment of genius, but a living and beaming 
reality. One feels in the midst of such blazing cor- 
ruscations and such glorious bursts of radiance as if 
the magician's ring had been slipped upon his finger 
unawares, and, rubbed unwittingly, had summoned the 
gorgeous scene before him. It is as if Mammoth Cave, 
with its groves of stalactites, and crystal bowers, and 
gothic avenue and halls, and star chambers, and flash- 
ing grottoes, were suddenly uncapped to the wintry 
sun, and bathed in his thrilling beams ; or as if the fabled 
palace of Neptune had risen abruptly from the deep, 
and were flinging its splendors in the eye of heaven. 
"It is indeed a scene of peerless grandeur, and 
would richly^ repay a pilgrimage from the extremest 



56 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Niagara in its Winter Robes — Hackmen and Guides. 



limits of the nation. A man of taste and feeling should 
be willing to ' put a girdle round the globe ' to witness 
it. We are amazed that parties of enterprising tourists 
do not flock thither from all quarters of the Union. 
They surely have little passion for the sublime and 
beautiful who think of the scene only to shudder at it 
and forego it. 

"A recent visitor to Niagara states that he found him- 
self preceded a few days by a large .party from the 
sunny region of Barbadoes. We suppose that, since 
the hurricane season is over, the gay adventurers of 
that beautiful island are dying of ennui. They ca.n 
hardly find a nobler substitute for their loved whirl- 
winds and tornadoes than Niagara in its winter robes. " 

Complaints are frequently made by strangers of beJM^ 
outrageously gulled by hackmen and guides. T>'Us 
complaint is a general one, and there is no reason for 
making it with pecuhar emphasis at Niagara. The 
experienced tourist will always settle the price before- 
hand, and so avoid any unpleasant scene at the end of 
his trip. This precaution, so regularly observed iu all 
other matters, should not be omitted in this ; the price 
of a thing should be known before we engage to pa9/ 
for it. The usual charge for carriages is one dollar an 
hour. The compensation for the service of guides is 
less definitely fixed. Other complaints, of a less specific 
character, are also often made ; such as, "a quarter is 
demanded at every corner," &c. The truth is, no more 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 57 

Charges of Serran ts, etc. — Retrocession of the Falls. 

money is asked here than elsewhere for an equal, or 
perhaps less amount of value received ; but the greater 
part of the world are so much accustomed to consider 
a tangible, material return as the only form of the quid 
pro quo^ that they can not understand how so gross an 
affair as money should enter into considerations of tl is 
kind, and consequently regret its expenditure the more 
keenly. 

S^etrocessiou of tje JFalls. 
We copy the foUowing from Prof's Gray & Adams' 
Geology : " One of the most magnificent and instruct- 
ive examples of the denuding agency of rivers is to be 
seen in the retrocession of the Niagara Falls, which 
have cut an enormous ravine from Queenstown, seven 
miles back, to their present situation. Soft shales at 
the base of the faUs underhe the harder hmestone, 
which is gradually undermined, and fragments of the 
overlying rock are detached from above. In this way, 
the falls are nojv retrograding at a rate not easily reck- 
oned with precision for the want of historical data, but 
variously estimated to average from one foot to one 
yard per year. As the rocks have a small dip back- 
ward in the direction of Lake Erie, the water will at 
length cease to act on the soft shales for the want of 
sufficient fall below to remove the materials. The pro- 
cess will therefore be arrested long before the falls can 
have traveled back as far as the lake." 



58 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Quantity of Water — Table Rock. 



^uantits of m^ttv, 
la crossing the river just below the falls, the view is 
justly regarded as one of the most sublime in the nat- 
ural world. As you look up from the deep ravine, you 
see at least 20,000,000 cubic feet of water each minute 
rushing down from a height of IGO feet, and appearing 
in truth 

"Ag if God poured it from his ' hollow hand ' 

— and had bid 
Its flood to chronicle the ages back, 
An-d notch his centuries in the eternal rock." 




TABLE ROCK. 



« 5\ftS»M?- r9 r ^11 



M^h 






P' M 



ill! 







'IV 



I I, 



^iil^ 



60 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Description of Niagara Frontier. 



©tje jX^iasara iFrontier. 
After the battle of Chippewa^ Gen. Brown wrote to 
a friend, from his encampment at Queenston, as fol- 
lows : " I have now seen the Falls of Niagara in all 
their majesty, and my camp is situated in a region 
affording the most sublime and beautiful scenery. I 
can fancy nothing equal to it, except the noble contest 
of gallant men on the field of battle, struggling for 
their country's glory, and their own." The region to 
which this tribute so gracefully alludes, the Niagara 
frontier, it is the design of this section to briefly sketch 
in its local character and historical relations. Niagara 
river, from lake to lake, comprehends a length of only 
about thirty-six miles. Contracted as this border re- 
gion is, as an unportant section of the geographical line 
between governments that have not always been on 
terms of amity, it has often been made the theater of 
war. Its localities are therefore associated with the 
history of our country, and with the fame of her mili- 
tary chieftains, and on this, if on no other account, are 
worthy a description. The history of this region dis- 
closes to our view, first, the lordly Indian roaming the 
majestic solitude ; next, the wary pioneers of the civili- 
zation and the vices of Europe, mingling the hereditary 
hatred of their respective nations when crossing one 
another's path ; then a protracted strife for the mastery 
between the delegated powers of those nations ; then 
a lull of peace and prosperity ; again the atrocities of 
war ; and again and now the blessings of peace. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 61 



History of the Five Nations— The Iroquois. 
First, oui- immediate predecessors, 

S!)e Kroquois. 
This was the name given by the French to the con- 
federa(?y of the Five Nations, consisting of the Mo- 
hawks, on the river of that name, the Oneidas, on the 
southern shore of Oneida lake, the Cayugas, near Cay- 
uga lake, and the Senecas, stretching from the Seneca 
lake to the Niagara river. Father Hennepin says that 
there were villages of the Senecas on the Niagara, not 
many miles above the falls. The Iroquois Senecas were 
therefore the immediate predecessors of the whites on 
this frontier. Remnants of this once mighty people, 
whom Yolney, in a burst of enthusiasm, called the 
Romans op the West, still linger around their prime- 
val homesteads. The Tuscaroras, a tribe incorporated 
with the Iroquois in 17 12, still enjoy the reservation of 
their lands, aiid occupy a village about nine miles from 
the Falls. The remains of the Senecas dwell further to 
the south. It is a curious fact that while the rapacity 
of the white man has stripped them almost entirely of 
their possessions, and shorn them of their power, their 
ancient league is still in force, their traditional customs 
still observed. Yearly they ghde to their council-fire, 
through the waving grain-lands of their once forest 
home, like hngering spirits of the past, to banquet on 
the recollections of their traditionary greatness. " From 
their ancient seat at Onondaga, the council-fire is trans- 
ferred to Tonawanda. Here their representatives 



62 TOPOGRAPRICAL AND PICTORIAL 



The Five Nations — The Neuter Nation. 



yet assemble and perform their ancient rites and 
ceremonies." 

It must not, however, be inferred that the Iroquois 
Senecas were tlie original proprietors of the soil, or the 
first of whom we have any account. Just above the 
horizon of history Hits the shadow of a great and 
peaceful tribe, 

E])z "Ntutn Nstfon, 
Supposed to be identical with the Kah-Kwas, "in 
whose wigwams the fierce Hurons and relentless Iro- 
quois met on neutral ground.'''' Father L' Alternant, in 
1641, mentions distinctly "the easternmost village of 
the Neutral Nation, ' Ongniaarha, ' (Niagara,) of the 
same name as the river." In the following year Char- 
levoix also mentions this people, and says that they 
were called " ' neutral' because they took no part in the 
wars which desolated the country." Canada West was 
the seat of the "fierce Huions." Situated between 
this warlike people and the Iroquois, the neutrality of 
the Eah-Kwas could not long be preserved. "To 
avoid the fury of the Iroquois they joined them against 
the Hurons, but gained nothing by the union." They 
fell victims to the furious power they sought to concil- 
iate, and disappeared as a nation about the year 1643. 
To their seats, as we have said, succeeded the Senecas, 
who were in occupation of them, when first visited by 

€:f)e 2Burojpenn ^Pioneers. 
It is not known when this region was first visited by 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 63 



First Settlements — Expedition of La Salle. 

Europeans, though such an event -wsiS possible anytime 
aftei' the discovery of the St. Lawrence, in 1534., 

" French traders are said to have visited the Falls as 
early as 1610 and '16, but there are no authentic 
accounts to confirm this statement." Side by side with 
the French trader came the missionary priest, — first the 
humble Franciscan, and then the wary disciple of Loyola. 
Father L'AUemant, writing of the Neuter Nation from 
St. Mary's Mission in 1641, says: ' "Although many of 
our French in that quarter have visited this people to 
profit by their furs and other commodities, we have no 
knowledge of any who have been there to preach the 
gospel except Father De La Roch Daillon, a recollet, 
who passed the winter there in the year 1626." This 
good father was probably the first European in western 
New York, and even of him it is said " there is no evi- 
dence that he ever saw the Falls." In the fall of 1640, 
two missionary fathers, Jean de Breboeuf and Joseph 
Marie Chaumont found their way to some part of this 
region, but if they saw the Falls they made no mention 
of them. In 1660, Ducreux wrote a work called 
"Historias Canadensis," and noted the Falls on a map ; 
but the probability is that he took them from hearsay, 
as he makes no allusion to them in his narrative. 

5rt>e 2S):petrftfon of 3Lk Salle. 

Robert Cavalier de La Salle, a native of France, set 

out for the new world in 1667. Following up the St. 

Lawrence, he explored Lake Ontario, and ascended to 

Lake Erie. La Salle had heard from the Indians of 



64 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Expedition of La Salle — Father Hennepin. 

the majestic Ohio, and of the fertile regions beyond ; 
and in the mind of this man was first formed the pro- 
ject of uniting Canada with the valley of the Mississippi 
by a chain of military posts. Presenting his plans in 
a memorial to his government, and obtaining a com- 
mission for the exploration of the Father of Waters, 
he set out on his expedition in the fall of 1678, with a 
numerous band of followers, among whom was Tonti, 
the Italian, and Father Hennepin. Touching at the 
present site of Fort Niagara, he there established a 
trading post. Making the portage from Lewiston to 
Cayuga creek, on the American side, the whole com-' 
pany improved the opportunity of viewing the Falls. 
Good Father Hennepin was qttite bowed down beneath 
their grandeur. He is confident that they are above 
six hundred feet high, and describes them as "a vast 
and prodigious cadence of water, which falls down 
after a surprising and astonishing manner, insomuch 
that the universe does not aiford its parallel." As 
they purposed visiting the head waters of the Missis- 
sippi, it was necessary first to build a suitable vessel to 
navigate the upper lakes. Accordingly a vessel of sixty 
tons burden was biiilt at the mouth of the Cayuga 
creek, on the American side of the river, about five 
miles above the Falls. The vessel was named the 
"Griffin," in allusion to, the arms of the Count de 
Frontenac, the early patron of La Salle. On the Vth of 
August, 161 Q, amid the firing of guns, and the singing 
of the Te Beum^ the Griffin lifted her sails to the breeze — 
the first keel to enter the waters of the upper lakes. 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 65 



Expedition of De Nouville against the Indians. 

STSe Hjrpetjftion of 3Bz NoHbflle. 

When Champlain came out from France in 1603, he 
unwisely made the Iroquois the deadly enemies of the 
French, by actively co-operating with the Hurons against 
them. This course of pohcy had been afterward pur- 
sued as a tradition, and when the Marquis de Nonville 
succeeded to the government of New France, in 1685, 
he found himself involved iii a war with the Iroquois, 
in defense of his Indian aUies of the west. He at 
once resolved to attack the Senecas first, and to build 
a fort at Niagara, where La Salle had left a trading 
post. " The commandants of the French posts at the 
west were ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, with their 
troops, and the warriors of their Indian allies in that 
quarter." The French army set out from Montreal on 
the 18th of June, and reached Irondequoit, on the 
southern shore of Lake Ontario, on the 12th of July. 
According to previous arrangement, the commandant 
at Niagara, with the reinforcements from the west, 
reached Irondequoit in the same hour with the division 
of De Nonville. 

After laying waste the country in his course, and 
taking formal possession of some of the principal vil- 
lages of the Senecas, De Nonville dispatched a detach- 
ment to Fort Frontenac, (Kingston,) to communicate 
the result of the expedition, and with the rest of hia 
force, set out for Niagara on the 26th, which he reached 
on the 30th. "In three days," says he, "the army 
had so fortified the post as to put it in a good condition 



66 TOPOaRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



De Nonville's Expedition — The Tuscaroras. 



of defense in case of an assault." A detachment of 
one hundred men left here, soon fell beneath the com- 
bined attacks of disease and the Senecas, and the post 
was again deserted. De Nonville left Niagara on the 2d 
of August. La Hontan was ordered to take a detach- 
ment of troops, and accompany the Indian allies on their 
return to the west. Rowing up from the fort to Lew- 
iston, they carried their canoes over the portage on the 
American side, and launched them again at Schlosser. 
Scarcely had they pushed their skiffs from the shore, 
when a "thousand Iroquois" appeared on the river's 
bank. It was under the terror of such a pursuit that 
La Hontan, with three or four savages, left the main 
body to catch a hurried glimpse of that "fearful cata- 
ract " which, in his trepidation, he describes as " seven 
or eight hundred feet high, and half a league broad." 
The facts of De Nonville's expedition are woven into 
W. H. C. Hosmer's beautiful poem of " Yonnondio." 

2Ct)e STuscaroras. 
The Tuscurora reservation is upon a mountain ridge 
in the town of Lewiston, about nine mules north-east 
of the Falls. Driven from their original seats in North 
Carolina by the aggressions of the whites, they migra- 
ted to New York in 1712, and became merged in the 
confederacy of the Iroquois. In the revolutionary war 
a part of them inclined to the Enghsh, and a part 
remained neutral. "Such portions of the Tuscaroras 
and Oneidas as had been allies of the English in their 
flight from the total rout of Gen. Sullivan, embarked 



^ 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 67 



Niagara Frontier in 1812. 



in canoes upon Oneida lake, and down the Oswego 
river, coasting along up Lake Ontario to the British 
garrison at Fort Niagara. In the spring, a part of them 
returned, and a part of them took possession of a mile 
square upon the mountain ridge, given them by the 
Senecas. The HoUand Company afterward donated to 
them two squ<are miles adjoining their reservation, and 
in 1804 they purchased of the company 4329 acres; 
the aggregate of which several tracts is their present 



Wiaijara jFrotitier fix 1812. 

President Madison's proclamation of war threw the 
whole frontier into consternation. The pioneers, un- 
protected by a sufficient force, and dreading the treach- 
erous warfare of the British Indians, were ready to 
abandon their homes to the tender mercies of the 
enemy. The strong positions of the Americans were 
Buffalo and Fort Niagara ; those of the British were 
Fort Erie and Fort George, a redoubt opposite Black 
Rock, a battery at Chippewa, another below the falls, 
and the defenses on Queenston Heights. 

On the 11th of August, Major General Yan Rensse- 
laer, of the New York mihtia, estabhshed his head- 
quarters at Lewiston. On the 13th of October, he 
determined to cross the river at Lewiston and take 
possession of Queenston Heights. The attempt was 
successful. Shortly after the occupation, Gen. Brock 
arrived with a reinforcement of 600 troops, and, in 
attempting to rally them after their first repulpe, was 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



War on the Niagara Frontier. 



killed. His aiddecamp, McDonald, fell, likewise, by his 
side. Meanwhile, the British having received another 
reinforcement, the undisciplined militia of Van Rensse- 
laer's rear division, as they had not yet crossed the 
river, preferred to remain where they were, although 
they were obhged So see their gallant companions suffer 
a total defeat. This was the chief event on this frontier, 
in the campaign of 1812. On the 27th of May, 1813, 
Gen. Dearborn captured from the British, Fort George, 
at Newark, near Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara 
river. 

After the British had withdrawn their regular force 
from the frontier, M'Clure, the American general in 
command of Fort George, wantonly burned the town 
of Newark, leaving its homeless inhabitants exposed to 
the inclemency of the season, evacuated the conquered 
territory, and returned to his own side of the river. 
But retribution was at hand. The post evacuated by 
M'Clure was soon occupied by Col. Murray with a force 
of 500 British soldiers and Indians. Gen. M'Clure, 
feeling perfectly secure of Fort Niagara, took up his 
head-quarters at Buffalo. Col. Leonard, equally secure, 
slept in his own hou,se, three miles above the fort. Thus 
it was that the force of Murray, crossing the river 
before day-break, at a point about four miles above the 
fort, called the Five Mile Meadows, surprised the garri- 
son, and made themselves masters of the post. Indian 
scouts left the main body, like bloodhounds, to scent up 
their prey. The whole frontier was a scene of the 
most intense suffering. Lewiston, Niagara Falls, Black 



GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 



"War on the Niagara Frontier. 



Kock, and Buffalo, fell an easy prey to the destroyer. 
All fled who could, the militia frequently leading the 
van. " It was a motley throng, flying from the torch 
and the tomahawk of an mvading foe, with hardly the 
show of a military organization to cover the retreat." 
Bufialo was burned to the ground on the 30th of De- 
cember. But the campaign of 1814 was destined to 
retrieve, as far as possible, the fortunes of this. The 
executive appointed Gen. Brown to the command in 
this frontier, associating with him Winfield Scott, 
Gaines, Miller, and others. Then followed a brilliant 
succession of victories, — the capture of Fort Erie, the 
battle of Chippewa, the battle of Lundy's Lane, and 
finally, the greatest of all victories, peace. 



NOKTHERN EOUTE. 



This route has long been a favorite one with the 
traveling million, and we doubt not, reader, that you 
are purposing to enjoy its offered pleasures. Let us, 
therefore, take the cars at the Falls, and pass along the 
river's bank to Lewiston, whence the steamers leave 
daily for Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Nothing 
of the kind could be more charming than this short 
railway passage. The distance from the Falls to Lew- 
iston is seven miles. Three miles below the Falls, the 
road enters, by an excavation, the side of the bank, 
and the grade continues as far as Lewiston. The train 
sweeping along this gorge, your admiration is constantly 
challenged by a panorama of river scenery seldom 
equaled on the face of the globe. To describe it 
would require the pen of a Kuskin ; to appreciate it, it 
must be seen. 

Two miles below the FaUs, and adjacent to the Sus- 
pension Bridge, is 

Maflara ©ftg; 
For such is the present name of the beautiful village, 
formerly called Bellevue, from its Jine view of the Falls 
in the distance. Before the suspension bridge wag 
constructed here, no village was to be seen. Its 



72 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Niagara City — Lewiston. 

population is now about 1200, and it is still increasing 
with a rapidity seldom paralleled. On the bank of the 
river, near the bridge, stands a grist-miU, turned by a 
wheel placed 280 feet below, with which it con::inuuIcate3 
by a shaft. The town contains, also, an immense railroad 
depot, and a sufficient number of stores, offices, and 
hotels. Among the latter, the massive stone building 
at the northern extremity of the place is one of the 
finest structures of the kind in this region of country. 
The character of Niagara city changes so rapidly in 
its youthful growth that any but the most general de- 
scription of it must fail to be permanently true. 

SLz'toiston, 

On the 24th of May, 1798, Surveyor General De Witt 
wrote to Mr. Ellicott, of the Holland Land Company, 
"to examine where a town could most conveniently be 
placed on the Niagara river, where the Inidan title had 
been extinguished," and to "furnish a map and survey 
thereof" Mr. Ellicott recommended Lewiston as the 
place ; and surely a prettier, or at the time more ehgible 
site, could not have been selected. It lies seven miles 
below the Falls, nesthng at the foot of the mountain 
amid a wealth of "hving greenness" — -the very ideal of 
rural loveliness. As the head of navigation on the 
lower Niagara, it is a place of considerable impoi^tance ; 
but has been much injured by the constructioqjof the 
Erie and Welland canals. It contains, besides a poi:por- 
tionate number of stores and hotels, churches of all the 
various denominations, and an academy of considerable 



NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 



73 



Lewiston Suspeusion Bridge — Queenston. 

size. In 1812, it was the head-quarters of Gen. Van 
Kensselaer, of the New York miUtia. 

aetoistoti Suspetxsioti SSrftige. 
Just above Lewiston, the Niagara is spanned by the 
longest and one of the finest suspension bridges in the 
world. Its span is one thousand and forty-five feet. 
It is supported by ten cables — five upon a side — car- 
ried over massive towers of cut stone, and secured by 
anchors sunk into the soUd rock six or seven feet. 
The cables are each composed of 250 strands of num- 
ber ten wire, 1245 feet in length. The ultimate capacity 
of the bridge is estimated at eight hundred and thirty- 
five tons. This bridge is the property of a joint com- 
pany of Canadians and Americans, and was erected in 
1850, under the superintendence of E. W. SerrelL, Esq., 
of Canada East. 

€lucenston : 

A small village opposite Lewiston, containing about 
200 inhabitants, three churches — Episcopal, Presbyte- 
rian, and Baptist — a telegraph office, and a tannery. 
The name of this place is associated in history with the 
gallant defence by the British of the adjacent heights, 
in the war of 1812, The village is prettily situated, 
but its importance has been lessened by the same 
causes which have retarded the growth of Lewiston. 
4 



74 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Brock's Monument. 



On Queenston Heights, just above the village of this 
name, near the spot where the gallant soldier fell, 
stands a monument to Gen. Brock, beneath which his 
ashes and those of his aiddecamp, McDonald, repose. 
The first monument was completed in 1826, and con- 
sisted of a plain shaft of freestone, about 126 feet high, 
and surmounted by an observatory, reached by spiral 
stairs on the inside. This was blown up by some mis- 
creant, on the night of the iVth of April, 1840. The 
present structure, — inaugurated Aug. 13th, 1853, amid 
the enthusiasm of over ten thousand people present — 
is far more magnificent than^he former. Its whole 
height is one hundred and eighty-five feet. The sub- 
base is forty feet square and thirty feet high. On this 
are placed four lions, facing respectively north, south, 
east, and west. Next is the base of the pedestal, 
twenty-one feet six inches, square, and ten feet high. 
Then comes the pedestal, sixteen feet square and ten 
feet high, bearing a heavy cornice, ornamented with 
lion heads alternately with wreaths in alto-rehevo. 
From the top of the pedestal to the top of the base of 
the shaft, the form changes from square to round. The 
shaft is a fluted column of freestone, seventy-five feet 
in height, and ten feet in diameter, surmounted by a 
Corinthian capital, ten feet high, on which is worked 
in relief a statue of the Goddess of War. Then comes 
a round dome, nine feet high, which is reached by 250 
spiral steps fi"om the base on the inside. The whole 



-J^ KOMH^RN ROUTE GUIDE. '75 

.eqoH iiu'-l — opttffri^iagara — Niagara. 

isf^iiiPBtoiafited'ifeyna fiiasM^e statue of General Isaac 

I9i b«llfcafe itfe:eJtoohi<^< off *ha)Ma^i'a^i-ive^,'bii!t5ieyAifig«tt. 
ican sidei We hate-atoesdy' glv:iin'itbe'}iist6»yuo£>tMs 
post, in treating of the Niagara ;Fr'oi!i*ier'.'"'Witfain' the 
last few years, important repairs have been made 
around the fort, and the entire wall has been constructed 
anew. " During the progress of these repairs, many 
relics of former days Avere found. The entrances to 
several underground passages were discovered; but 
owing to their ruinous state, they were not entered ; 
could this have been done, no doubt many interesting 
discoveries would have been made." This spot is inter- 
esting as historic ground, when associated with the mem- 
ory of the heroic La Salle, and the gentle and courtly 
De Nonville, and all the gallant "chiefs and ladies 
fair " that have graced its frowning walls. The village 
adjacent to the fort is called Youngstown, from the name 
of its founder, the late John Young, Esq. Here was 
fought the battle of the 24th of July, 1769, in which 
Prideaux, the English general, fell, and after which the 
French garrison surrendered to Sir William Johnson, 
who succeeded to the command of the English. 

Opposite Youngstown, is one of the oldest towns in 
Upper Canada, and was at one time the capital of the 
province. It is on the site of the old town of Newark, 
burnt by Gen. M'Clure, December 10th, 1813. It is a 



1Q TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Port George — Fort Mississaga — Toronto — Port Hope. 

pleasant town, facing lake. Ontario on one side, and the 
river on the other. In former days its importance was 
much more considerable than at present. Since the 
completion of the WeUand Canal, St. Catharines, being 
more centrally situated, has absorbed its trade, and 
detracted very much from its prosperity. 

A short distance above the village are seen the ruins 
of the old Fort George, taken by the Americans under 
Dearborn, May 29th, 1813, destroyed by M'Clure, De- 
cember 10th, and has never been rebuilt. A httle 
below the town is Fort Mississaga, where a detachment 
of British soldiers is stationed. 

After leaving the Niagara we shall describe first the 
Canadian, and then the American side of Lake Ontario, 
to suit the tourist, whether he patronizes the Canadian 
or American Hne of boats, and, commencing again at 
Kingston, continue the description of places in their 
natural order. 

See page 106 — description of Great Western Railway. 

3Port ^opt 

Is a pretty town, sixty-five miles from Toronto, situated 
in a valley excavated by a small stream which here falls 
into the lake, the mouth of which forms a shallow, but 
commodious and secure harbor. On the western side 
of the town is a succession of hills rising one above 
another, the highest of which, called " Fort Orton," over- 
looks the country for a great distance around. The 



NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 77 

Cobourg — Duck Island — Kingston. 



village is incorporated, and contains about 2,200 inhab- 
itants. It has four churches — Episcopal, Presbyterian, 
Methodist and Baptist — branches of the Upper Canada, 
and Commercial and Montreal banks, two grist-mills, 
three foundries, a last factory, and a number of other 
factories and mills. 

€06 ours, 

Containing about 4,000 inhabitants — lies seven miles 
below Port Hope, in a broad valley which rises gradu- 
ally from the lake to meet the forest-clad hills in the 
distance. The town contains seven churches, two 
banks, the largest cloth factory in the province, three 
grist-mills, two foundries, etc. 

Cobourg is also the seat of a Theological Institute, 
and of Victoria College, — one of the best institutions of 
the kind in the province. Midway between Port Hope 
and Cobourg, a little island, or rather rock, protrudes 
from the lake, called "Duck Island," on which the 
government maintains a Ughthouse. 

A place celebrated in the early history, and influential 
in the present condition of Canada. The Indians called 
it Cataracqzii. The French commenced building a 
fort here as early as 1672, under De Courcelles, the 
then governor of Canada. It was finished the next 
year, and named Fort Frontenac, in honor of the Count 
De Frontenac, the home administrator of the French 
colonies. On the return of La Salle to France, in 1675, 



78 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Kino;ston — Fort Frontenac — Charlottesville. 



he obtained, by the aid of the count, the grant of Fort 
Frontenac, on the condition of maintaining a military 
post there. In 16*78, he rebuilt it with stone. In 1688, 
it was captured by the Indians, but regained by the 
French in the following year, by whom it was held 
until destroyed by the expedition undep Col. Brad- 
street, in 1758. By the peace of 1762, it fell into the 
hands of the EngUsh, from whom it obtained its pres- 
ent loyal name. As a military post, it is one of the 
most important places in Canada. Its population is 
something over ten thousand. Its distance from Co- 
bourg is one hundred and ten miles. 

Kingston contains thirteen churches, two colleges — 
Queens College, under Presbyterian, and Kegiopolis 
College, under Koman Catholic discipUne — market 
building, and a magnificent city hall. 

Let us now return, and briefly glance at the places 
on the American side of Lake Ontario, before proceed- 
ing down the St. Lawrence. 

©SHrlottesbille, 
At the mouth of the Genesee river, seventy-five miles 
from the mouth of the Niagara, is the port of entry for 
Rochester. The river is navigable by steamers five 
miles from its mouth, as far as Carthage, whence pas- 
sengers who wish to stop at Rochester take omnibuses 
for the city, two miles distant. 



NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 



79 



Oswego — Ogdensburg — 'Defeat of the English by the French. 



Is the next port at which the boat touches. We have 
spoken in another place of the early project of the 
French to unite Quebec with the Gulf of Mexico by a 
contiuous line of military posts. To defeat a project 
from which the EngUsh had so much to fear, Gov. 
Barnet, of New York and'New Jersey, built a fort on 
the present site of Oswego, at his own expense. 

On the 11th of August, 1756, the Marquis De Mont- 
calm, commander of the French forces in Canada, in- 
vested the fort, and, on the 12th, reduced Col. Mercer, 
the English commandant, to the necessity of spiking 
his guns and retreating across the river to Little Fort. 
Montcalm opened a destructive fire upon the English 
in their new position, during which Col. Mercer was 
killed ; and, on the 14th, the English agreed to capitu- 
late, on condition of their being protected from the 
merciless fury of the Irl^ians. After the capitulation, in 
direct violation of its terms,- "Montcalm gave twenty 
of his prisoners to the custody and tortures of the sav- 
age allies, as victims for an equal number of Indians 
that had been killed during the siege." 

The French then razed the fortification to the ground, 
and returned the land to the Onondaga Indians. Three 
years afterward, the fort was rebuilt by the English, 
by whom it was held until deUvered up to the United 
States, in 1796. On the 5th of May, 1814, this post 
was attacked by above two thousand soldiers and sailors 
of the British service. 



80 



TOPOGEAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Capture of Little Fort by the British — Sackets Harbor. 



Col. Mitchell, with his gallant three hundred, defend- 
ed the place until he was obliged to yield before over- 
powering numbers, and then retreated in good order, 
inflicting five times as gi-eat a loss upon the enemy as 
that which he received. 

Oswego is a beautiful and flourishing town, the com- 
mercial center of a fertile and wealthy part of country, 
and contains some of the largest flouring mills in the 
world. Its population is about fifteen thousand. It is 
the terminus of both a railroad and a canal, connecting 
it with Syracuse and the New York Central Railway. 

Sacftets JJ^nxhoXf 
A small town lying on a spacious bay, forty-five 
miles below Oswego. It was founded in 1199, by a 
Mr. Sackett, of Jamaica, L. I., from whom it took its 
name. From its position on Lake Ontario, it is admi- 
rably suited to the purposes of a naval station, and 
was, in fact, the American heacPquarters of the Ontario 
fleet in the last war. It is now the seat of a military 
post, called "Madison Barracks." 

crape IJincent 
Is a pleasant little town, lying at the head of the St. 
Lawrence, named in honor of one of the pioneer set- 
tlers — M. Vincent Le Roy De Chaumont. It is said 
that this place was selected as the retreat of the Em- 
peror Napoleon, in case he should be obliged to seek 
an asylum in this country. Cape Vincent is connected 



NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 81 



The Thousand Islands — Clayton. 



by railway with Chaumont, Brownville, Watertown, 
and Rome. 

STJe 2r|)ousanIi Sslan^s. 
About six miles below Kingston these islands begin, 
and extend as far as Morristown. Notwithstanding 
their name, their number is in fact nearly ^^ee^i hun- 
dred. On account of their size, they are not, at first, 
very numerous. The largest is Grande, or Wolf 
Island, — about thirty miles in length. They lessen in 
size, and increase in number, as you approach Clay- 
ton — a little town on the American side, and the great 
rafting station of E. G. Merrick, Esq. Yan Cleve's 
Guide says: " This is, also, the residence of the well- 
known William Johnson, who figured in the late 
Canadian rebeUion. In consequence of his participa- 
tion in these troubles, he was obliged to seclude him- 
self from the search instituted for him by troops under 
the command of the late General Worth. It was 
during this seclusion that liis daughter, 'Kate,' ac- 
quired her title of ' Queen of the Thousand Islands,' 
from her visiting, and carrying him provisions in her 
canoe." A few miles below Clayton, the river appears 
covered with floating islands. Smith, in his "Past, 
Present and Future of Canada," describes these islands 
thus: "Islands, of all sizes and shapes, are scattered 
in profusion throughout the waters ; some covered with 
vegetation ; others bare and rugged rocks ; some, many 
acres in extent ; others, measuiing but a few feet ; some 
showing a bare, bald head, a little above the level of 



82 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Gananoqui — Gore Island — Wellesley Island — Brockville. 

the water, while a short distance off, a large island, or 
rock, crowned with a considerable growth of pine or 
cedar, wiU rise abruptly out of the water, to the height, 
probably, of a hundred feet and more. These islands 
are mostly of granite or sandstone. The locality 
appears to have suffered, in some by-gone time, from 
some great convulsion of nature." Nearly opposite 
Clayton, on the Canada side, is Gananoqui, a pretty 
village of about nine hundred inhabitants, founded in 
1798, by the late Col. Joel Stone, at the confluence of 
the Gananoqui river with the St. Lawrence. Midway 
between these two last named towns is Oore Island. 
The next large island below this is Wellesley Island. 
Opposite the lower end of this island, on the American 
side, is the Uttle rock-perched town of Alexandria. 

aSrocfebille, 
A pleasant town of about three thousand inhabitants, 
lying at the foot of the Thousand Islands, on the Can- 
ada side of the river. It is situated on an elevation of 
land which rises from the harbor in a succession of 
ridges. The town was laid out in 1802, and is now a 
place of no little importance. In the war of 1812, it 
was captured by the American major, Forsyth, who 
was, afterward, killed at La Cole. 

J^orrfstotDii 
Is on the American side of the river, directly opposite 
Brockville. It was first settled by emigrants from 



NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 83 

Ogdensburg — Fort La Presentation. 

Morristown, New Jersey, by whom it was named, in 
honor of their native place. The river at this point, is 
two miles and a half wide. 

On the American side, twelve miles below Morris- 
town, is 

©Sticnsliurs. 
A mission was founded here about the year 1741, by 
the Abbe Frangois Picquet — the "Apostle of the Iro- 
quois." As a protection to the mission, and, perhaps, 
for other purposes less sacred, a fort was built at the 
same time, called "La Presentation." Remains of this 
fort are said to be visible at the present day. The 
corner-stone has been dug up, and is no;v in the pos- 
session of an inhabitant of the town. It bears the 
following inscription: . 

En nomine f 53ei ©mnfpotentts 
J^VLic Ijaijitatfoni initfo UeUit, 

Ji-ans gicEuct, 1749. 

Ogdensburg was twice attacked by the British,, during 
the last war — once in 1812, but without success, and 
again in 1813, when it was captured, plundered, and a 
portion of it burnt. On the arrival of the boats, the 
cars leave Ogdensburg for Rouse's Point, on Lake 
Champlain — one hundred and eighteen miles distant — 
where they connect with trains to Boston and Montreal. 



84 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Prescott — Fort Wellington — Windinill Point — The Rapida. 

33r£Scott 
Is an old-fashioned looking town, of about two thousand 
inhabitants, on the Canada side, opposite Ogdensburg. 
Before the opening of the Rideau canal, Prescott was 
the center of the carrying trade between Kingston 
and Montreal ; but since that event its growth has been 
checked. The place has several factories and mills, 
five churches, and is a port of entry. On the east- 
ern side of the town, a fortification has been thrown up, 
called Fort Wellington. About a mile below the town 
is a place called Windinill Point — a collection of stone 
buildings, in which the "Patriots estabhshed them- 
selves in ISoT, under one Von Shultz^ a Polish exile, 
and held out against the British troops for three days. 

About five miles below Ogdensburg, the first rapid 
of the St. Lawrence breaks around an islet called 
Chimney Island^ from a number of old stones that have 
remained standing from some early fortification. 

The next town on the American side is Waddington — 
and in the river, over against it, Ogden Island^ from 
the name of its proprietor. On the Canada side is 
Morrisburg, formerly called West Williamsburg. It 
contains about two hundred inhabitants, and is called 
the port of Mariatown, although the settlement bearing 
that name is two miles distant. A short distance below 
Morristown is Chryseler''s Farm, where an American 
force was met, on its descent to Montreal, in 1813, and 
defeated and turned back, by a detachment of the 
British troops. Thirty miles below Ogdensburg, the 



NORTHERN- ROUTE GUIDE. 85 



Long Sault Rapid — Cornwall — St. Regis. 

boat touches at Louisville, whence stages run to Mas- 
sena Springs — distant seven miles. These springs 
are said to have proved effectual in restoring debilitated 
constitutions. 

A continuous rapid for over nine miles, divided in the 
center by Long Sault Island. The channel on the 
north side of the island is called ^^JLost Channel,^'' from 
a once prevalent belief that any thing so luckless as to 
be drawn into it must inevitably be lost. It is now 
descended with safety, although the usual path of 
steamers is on the south side. 

Cornwall 

Is situated at the foot of the Long Sault, on the Canada 
side. It is "a neat, quiet, old-rashioned looking town," 
of about sixteen hundred inhabitants, but not a place 
of much business. Cornwall Island hes in the river, 
opposite the town, and belongs to the Indians of 

This is an old Indian village, a little way below Corn- 
wall, on the opposite side of the river. The tourist 
will observe, from the deck of the steamer, the old 
church, Ufting its tin roof above the neighboring houses. 
The bell hanging in this church is associated with a 
deed of genuine Indian revenge. On its way from 
France, it was captured by an English cruiser, and 
taken into Salem, Massachusetts, where it was sold to 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



■■ Lake St. Francis — Coteau du Lac — Grey Nunnerj, 



the church at Deerfield, in the same state. The In- 
dians, hearing of the destination of their bell, sot out 
for Deerfield, attacked the town, killed forty-seven of 
the inhabitants, and took one hundred and twelve cap- 
tives, *' among whom was the pastor and his iamily." 
The bell was then taken down, and conveyed to St. 
Regis, where it now hangs. 

Slake Sst jFicancis. 
This is the name of that expansion of the St. Law- 
rence which begins just below Cornwall and St. Regis 
and extends to Coteau du Lac. Many little islands are 
scattered here and there over its surface. Goteau du 
Lac is a small village at the foot of the lake ; and, 
on the north side, over against this place, is Grand 
Island. Just below are the Coteau Rapids. The 
Cedars is a small town^just above the rapids of this 
name. Passing these rapids — a very exciting pas- 
sage — you glide into Lako St. Louis, from which you 
catch a view of Montreal mountain in the distance. 
On the right you see Nun's Island, belonging to the 
Grey Nunnery^ at Montreal. Passing out from Lake 
St. Louis, the first place we reach after having left 
the lake is La Chine — a town nine miles distant from 
Montreal, and connected with it by railroad. Below 
the town, the La Chine Rapids begin — ■ a current so 
swift and wild that, to avoid it, the La Chine Canal 
has been cut around it. After passing these rapids, 
we glide past the little village of La Prairie^ and are 
in full view of beetling heights and the city of 



NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 87 

Montreal — Black Nunnery — Grey Nunnery, 



iKontreal. 

At the dawn of Canadian history, the site of this place 
was occupied by an Indian village, called Hochelaga. 
Subsequently becoming a French trading-station, and, 
still later, the poUtical center of the colonial govern- 
ment, it advanced quickly into prosperity and import- 
ance. Its growth, however, was not unattended by 
those savage cruelties so fatally incident to the early 
settlements on this continent. In the summer of 1668, 
a party of Iroquois Indians — the hereditary enemies of 
the French — stealthily landed their canoes on the island, 
and cruelly massacred men, women, and children, to 
the number of over one thousand. Again peopled, it 
continued, for a long time, the head-quarters of the 
French forces in Canada; and its fall, in 1759, was 
the virtual announcement of the conquest of the coun- 
try. At the peace of 1763, it was surrendered to the 
Enghsh ; and, in 1775, was taken, and temporarily occu- 
I pied by the Americans, under General Montgomery. 
Although so long under English rule, Montreal is still 
a French city. One of the most obvious notes of the 
visitor is, that the city is divided, by its styles, into an 
old part and a new — the long narrow streets, darkened 
by high, steep-roofed houses, plainly indicating the for- 
mer. Among the principal objects of curiosity in the 
city are the cathedral, an imposing structure of gran- 
ite, capable of holding fifteen thousand persons ; the 
" Black Nunnery," not open to visitors ; the " Grey 
Nunnery," open to visitors; the monument to Lord 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Montreal — Vermont Central Railroad. 



Nelson, on Notre Dame street; the quays of the 
city, the finest on this continent; and, to many, 
the mountain itself, against which the city is built. A 
Macadamized road has been laid around this mountain, 
and the drive over it is far from unpleasant. 

On that part of the island opposite the mouth of the 
Ottawa river stood a chapel ; in early times, dedicated 
to Saint Ann. To the fur traders' custom of stopping 
at this place, and imploring the protection of the tute- 
lar saint, before ascending the Ottawa on their long 
trading expeditions, Moore gracefully alludes in his 
Canadian Boat Song. 

" Faintly as tolls the evening chime, 

ur voices keep tune, and our oars keep time. 

Soon as the woods on shore look dim, 

We '11 sing at St. Ann's our parting hymn. 

Across the river from Montreal, and connected with 
it by a ferry, is the depot where passengers take the 
cars for House's Point. This latter place, situated at 
the north-western extremity of Lake Champlain, is like- 
wise the terminus of the Ogdensburg Kailroad; and 
here passengers for Saratoga, or any of the intermedi- 
ate points, take the Champlain boats. Passengers for 
Boston can either take the Vermont Central Railroad 
here, or if they prefer a sail as far as Burhngton, can 
there take the Burlington and Rutland Railroad. 



NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 



Lake Champlain — Burlington — Grown Point — Ticonderoga. 



3LRtz ©Ijamplain. 
Samuel Champlain, at the head of a company of 
Rouen merchants, established himself at Quebec,' iu 
1603, and having soon afterward espoused the cause 
of the Hurons against the Iroquois, joined an expedi- 
tion against the latter in 1608. On this expedition, he 
discovered the beautiful lake which still bears his name. 
The length of the lake is one hundred and twenty 
miles. It contains several islands — the two largest of 
which are situated toward its northern extremity, and 
are called, respectively. North Hero and South Hero. 
The places on the route are, Plattsburg, on the west- 
ern side of the lake — the scene of Commodore Mc- 
Donough's brilfiant victory over the invading force 
of Prevost, September 11, 1814; Burlington, on the 
east side of the lake — beautifully situated on a slope 
which rises gently from the water toward a distant gir- 
dle of hills, near which place repose the remains of 
Col. Ethan Allen; Crown Point, on the west side of 
the lake — the old Fort St. Frederic of the French — 
built by the French in 1731, captured by the Enghsh 
in 1759, and taken from the latter by the Americans 
under Col. Warner in 1775 — is now in ruins; Ticon- 
deroga (from Cheonderoga, its Indian name,) is sit- 
uated on a tongue of land between Lake Champlain 
and the outlet of Lake St. George. This place was 
built by the French in 1756, it was taken by the Enghsh 
in 1759, and from them captured by Ethan AUen, on 
the 10th of May, 1775, — the same day that Crown 



90 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Surrender of Fort Ticonderoga to Allen. 



Point surrendered to Colonel Warner. "The com- 
mandant of the fort was surprised in his bed by AUen, 
Arnold, and a few of their followers, who had entered 
by a subterranean passage, and made themselves mas- 
ters of it without any loss. On being ordered to sur- 
render, he asked by what authority he was required to 
do so : Allen replied, ' I demand it in the name of the 
great Jehovah, and of the Continental Congress.' " 

The Champlain boats pass up the lake to Whitehall ; 
but many prefer taking carriages at Ticonderoga for 
the Lake George Stemnboat Landing, distant three 
miles and a half, and there taking the Lake George 
boat for Caldwell, at the southern limit of the lake. 

Lake George is thirty-three miles in length. Its 
Indian name was Horicon. By the French it was 
called Lac Sacrement, from the purity of its waters. 
At Caldwell, passengers take the stages to 8&ndy Hilly 
and the cars from there to SAraioga. 



NIAGARA FALLS 

TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 

VIA 
THE GREAT WESTERN AND MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROADS. 



The Great Western Railway^ connects the Detroit 
with the Niagara frontier, at the respective points of 
Windsor, opposite Detroit city, and Elgin, at the Cana- 
dian terminus of the Niagara suspension bridge. A 
glance at the map, in connection with this simple state- 
ment, will fully illustrate the importance of this road, 
and account for its early-won success. 

The two great ends it has achieved, are : first, it has 
helped to establish between the east and the west a 
continuous thoroughfare, easy, economical, and expedi- 
tious, and, at the same time, available in all kinds of 
weather, and all seasons of the year — a consummation 
forever impossible to upper lake navigation ; and, sec- 
ondly, it has opened to a broad and productive tract of 
country the markets, whose previous inaccessibihty had 
well-nigh proved an offset to the extraordinary fertility 
of. the soil. 

" The company," says Smith's Canada, " was orig- 
inally chartered in 1834, as the London and Gore Rail- 
road Company; but after an ineffectual attempt to 

•For table of telegraph stations and saloons, refer to page 119. 



92 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Niagara Suspension Bridge. 



raise the necessary capital, and a lapse of* years, the 
charter expired. In 1845, the legislature revived and 
extended the act of incorporation, with power to con- 
struct a line of railroad from the Niagara river, via 
Hamilton, to the Detroit river, with a branch to the 
St. Clair river. In 1847, the company completed the 
surveys of the entire line, placed it under contract, and 
commenced work at various points j but unexpected 
difficulties caused a suspension of operations until 1850, 
when, having obtained from the legislature the further 
privileges of the guarantee of the province for the 
interest of one-haU the cost of the road, and authority 
to municipalities to subscribe for and hold stock, the 
company, thus encouraged, were able to resume opera- 
tions," and the roaa was completed in the latter part 
of 1853, at a cost of twelve miUions of dollars. 

The whole length of the road between the termini 
is two hundred and twenty-nine miles. Starting from 
the Niagara suspension bridge, it runs in a direction 
slightly north of west to Hamilton, at the western hmit 
of Lake Ontario ; and thence inclining to the left, its 
general direction to Detroit is nearly south-west. 



S^Se TCfasara Suspension 23riti2e. 
In another part of this work, page 38, we have de- 
scribed this magnificent structure in detail ; and have 
now only to mention that the upper part, or railroad 
bridge, has been leased for a term of years to the Great 
Western Railroad Company, under whose judicious 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 93 



Elgin — Crossing the Mountain. 



control it is now winning the golden opinions it so fiilly 
merits. 

The Great Western connects, at the suspension 
bridge, with New York Central, Niagara Falls, Canan- 
daigna and Elmira, New York and Erie, and Erie and 
Ontario railroads. The Erie and Ontario Railroad runs 
from Chippewa to Niagara, and connects at Niagara 
with the " Zimmerman " steamer to and from Toronto. 

Elgin, at the eastern terminus of the road, hke its 
sister village on the opposite side of the river, dates 
back its origin no further than the construction of the 
suspension bridge, and of course has been exempt from 
the successive stages which mark the growth of most 
of the surrounding towns. It sprang into existence 
at the call of a movement, at once sudden, definite, 
and complete ; and it presents the appearance of hav- 
ing been suddenly imported for a temporary purpose — 
buildings, population, and all. By this we mean noth- 
ing disparaging. The buildings, although few as yet, 
have been erected with taste, and the place is rapidly 
increasing under the unusual advantages of its location. 
It was named in honor of Lord Elgin, the late gov- 
ernor of Canada, and contains a population of about 
five hundred. 

©rossfns tSe i^ountaiir. 

" The Mountain " is a range of lofty hills, stretch- 
ing along the southern shore of lake Ontario, fi-ora 



94 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Crossing the Mountain — Thorold. 

Queenston Heights, westward, to Hamilton. At a point 
about four miles from Elgin, the road enters the side of 
the mountain by a heavy grade, and is carried through 
a deep cut and over a high embankment to its foot ; 
between which and the lake its course continues f%v 
about forty miles. A narrow carriage-road, descending 
the mountain through a winding gorge, partly natural 
and partly excavated, cuts the line of the raQway at 
right angles, and passes beneath it through a magnif- 
icent stone arch of twenty-four feet span. The vieAv 
of the mountain from this point, and of its gray ser- 
pentine gorge, half-hidden by the evergreen shrubs 
that clothe its sides, is extremely beautiful. 

2L|)oroIti, 

From Elgix, 9M miles. 

" Detroi^, 21954 " 

This is the first station west of Elgin. The town is 
on the south side, of the raUro&d, nearly a mile distant 
fi:'om the station-house. Thorold is the Lockport of 
the Welland Canal, which here descends the mountain 
by a system of locks, and supplies the place with the 
hydraulic power of five flouring mills, and a variety of 
other establishments of the kind. Thorold has in- 
creased rapidly during the last few years, and though 
there is yet little about it to call forth rapture, it is 
not an unpleasant town. Its population is about fifteen 
hundred. One mile west of Thorold the cars cross the 
Twelve Mile Creek on a temporary trestle structure 
eight hundred feet long. This trestle structure will 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 95 

St, Catharines. 

only be used till the permanent stone viaduct over the 
ravine is built along side of it. The viaduct will consist 
of three arches of masonry, each seventy-five feet span, 
and eighty feet above the water of the creek below. 
Our next station -is' 

SU ®at|)arines, 

FromTHOEOLD, 2 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, IIX " 

" Detroit, 217>i " 

This is one of the most flourishing towns in the Canadas. 
The city lies about a mile north-east of the station, but 
the best view of it is obtained from a point midway 
between this and the station of Thorold. For a history 
of St. Catharines we take the liberty of condensing an 
extract from the Anglo-American Magazine, for Sep- 
tember, 1852. The site -of St. Catharines, formerly 
known as the Twelve Mile Creek, was first selected as a 
country residence by the Hon. Robert Hamilton, father 
of the Hamilton who gay§ his name to the flourish- 
ing city which still bears it, so early as the year 1800 ; 
but it was not until the year 1816 that the town plot 
of St. Catharines was first purchased and laid out as a 
village, by the Hon. W. H. Merritt and Jonathan H. 
Clendennen, and received the name of St. Catharines, 
in honor of Mrs. Robert Hamilton whose name was 
Catharine. 

At this time, the supply of water from the Twelve Mile 
Creek was found so very limited for milling and manu- 
facturing purposes, that, with a view of augmenting 



7 



96 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

St. Catharines. 

it, a few of the inhabitants conceived the idea of ob- 
taining an increase from the river Welland, which 
empties itself into the Niagara river at Chippewa, two 
miles above the Falls. The surveys and examinations 
for this purpose gave rise to the projection and ultimate 
construction of the Welland Canal. The project was 
carried out in 1824, chiefly through the instrumentality 
of the Hon. William Hamilton Merritt, and from this 
time dates the prosperity of St. Catharines. Within 
the last few years the place has been built up almost 
entirely anew. PubUo buildings, erected at a liberal 
expense, and elegant residences, now meet one on 
every hand. 

St. Catharines considers herself as the head of ship 
navigation on Lake Ontario, as the largest vessels that 
navigate the lake are now able to come up as far as 
the town. 

There are six flouring mills in the place, two large 
foundries, a pail factory, a last factory, a ship yard and 
dry dock, a telegraph office, branches of the Upper 
Canada, Commercial, and Montreal banks, an academy, 
seven or eight churches, and about seven thousand 
inhabitants. At St. Catharines, also, are the most cele- 
brated mineral springs in Canada ; whose virtues have 
been attested by the finest analysts in the country. 

Two magnificent hotels have lately been erected in 
the place — one more particularly for the convenience 
of those visiting the springs, and the other for more 
general accommodation. 

Leaving St. Catharines the road inclines more to the 



08 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Jordan — Twenty Mile Creek — Jordan Bridge. 

west. On the south, the country is hilly and broken ; 
on the north, low plains of bottom-land stretch away to 
the lake. 

From St. Catharines, 5X miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 17 " 

" Deteoit, .212 " 

This is the next station west of St. Catharines. The 
town is situated about a mile and a half south of the 
station-house, on the Twenty Mile Creek — one mile 
from the mountain, and three miles from the lake. 
Jordan contains several small factories and mills, four 
churches, and a popvdation of about three hundred. 
A project, it is said, is in contemplation to connect the 
Twenty Mile Creek with the Chippewa River, for the 
purpose of increasing the supply of water-power at 
this point. 

A few rods west of the station, the train passes over 
the Twenty Mile Creek on the Jordan bridge. This is 
one of the finest bridges on the road. Its length is 
twelve hundred feet ; its height above the water, sixty 
feet ; spans, one hundred feet each. The structure is of 
timber, strongly trussed, and finished with a regard to 
nicety and completeness of execution that adds not a 
little to the credit of the road. In passing over this 
bridge, the eye is unexpectedly gladdened by a sight 
of the lake burstmg at once into full view. 



ROUTE TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. 99 

Beamsville — Grimsby J 



3SeamsfaiIle. 

From JOEDAN, 6 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 22 " 

" Detroit,^ 207 " 

This is a small village of about four hundred inhab- 
itants, prettily situated three miles back from the lake, 
and a little distance west of the station it may be seen 
on the south, looking through a grove of pines. The 
town is about a mile and a half distant from the station. 

West of Beamsville tte land is more rolling, and the 
timber is largely mixed with hemlo<;k and pine. The 
road now approaches the lake in some places to within 
a quarter of a mile, and for several miles holds it in 
full view. * 

From Beamsville, 4% miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 2dK " 

" Detroit, 202K " 

The village of Grimsby is about a quarter of a mile 
south of the station. It nestles gracefully among 
pines at the very foot of the mountain, and is only 
three-fourths of a mile distant from the lake. The 
scenery around Grimsby is unsurpassed in rural beauty 
by any on the road. On the south, the lake, fringed 
with a grove of pines, and the hazy headlands of its 
opposite shore, are in full view. • 

Leaving Grimsby the road runs along the foot of 
the mountain, with the lake still in sight, to 



lOO TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Stony Greek — Hamilton, 



From Grimsby, 10 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 36M " 

" Detroit, 192^ " 

The village is not visible from the station, from 
which it is distant about a mile and a half. It is built 
on the bank of .a creek of the same name, and has a 
population of Only about two hundred. 

This is the first stopping place in the county of 
Wentworth. 

From here, for six miles westward, the rails so match 
with one another as to render the motion of the cars 
as uniform and easy as could be desired. 

Four miles from Stony Creek the road comes in sight 
of Burlington Bay — an arm of lake Ontario, three miles 
in length — and continues in sight of it to 

From Stony Creek, : 63^ ndiles. 

" Niagara Falls, 43^4 " 

« Detroit, 185% " 

The city stretches from the south-western extremity 
of Burlington Bay to the base of the mountain. The 
view which we give of it is taken from the mountain 
immediately to the westward, and affords a very pleas- 
ing prospect of the surrounding country, the waters of 
the bay and lake, and the opposite coast in the distance. 

Hamilton was first laid out in 1813, but its growth 
waci by no means rapid until after the completion of 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH, 101 



Description of the city of Hamilton. 



the Burlington Bay Canal, connecting the town with 
the lake, in 1825. Since that time it has steadily ad- 
vanced in importance and prosperity, until in 1845 it 
contained six thousand four hundred and seventy-five 
inhabitants, and its present population is not less than 
twenty-five thousand. Much of its recent prosperity 
is due to the Great Western Railway ; of which it may 
be considered the head-quarters, as all the oflScers of 
the company have their offices established here. 

Its original population was mostly made up of Scotch 
merchants, and loyahsts, or the descendants of loyaUsta, 
who left the United States on the breaking out of the 
revolutionary war. Recent immigration has somewhat 
changed the character of the inhabitants, but traces of 
the early stock are still distinctly perceptible. Hamil- 
ton surpasses every other place on the route, not more 
in its size than in the character of its buildings. The 
abundance of beautiful freestone and limestone, in the 
mountain near by, has been made use of in most of 
til 6 buildings of any pretension, to the better harmony 
of the style of the place with the character of the 
surrounding scenery. 

The most busy portion of the city is King Street, 
about a mile back from the bay. South of King Street, 
is a large open space called Court House Square, in which 
stand the court house and jail. A httle north of King 
Street is Market Square, containing the Town Hall. 
The churches of any place contribute largely to the char- 
acter of its architecture. Of these there are thirteen 
in Hamilton — many of them handsome structures. 



] 02 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Description of the city of Hamilton. 



There are six banks in the city: the Gore Bank— 
of which Hamilton is the head-quarters — a branch of 
the Bank of British North America, a branch of the 
Commercial Bank, one of the Bank of Montreal, and 
also two Savings Banks. 

To enumerate the industria^ establishments in this 
place would be tedious. Almost all the ordinary arts 
are here more or less largely represented, the motive 
power of the machinery in every instance being steam. 

No description of Hamilton would be complete with- 
out some mention of the Great Western Railway Com- 
pany's very extensive establishments, in the various 
branches of their enterprise. The not less than sixteen 
hundred cars now belonging to the company demand 
a great number of workshops on the route ; and to this 
end, several massive stone buildings have been erected 
in Hamilton. The freight business here is immense, 
and every accommodation has been provided to facili- 
tate it. Two frame buildmgs, one three hundred and 
ten by fifty feet, the other two hundred and thirty-five 
by fifty feet are exclusively used for the city business. 
One frame store, two hundred and sixteen by eighty -two 
feet, and a magnificent stone store, four hundred and 
fifty by eighty-two feet, are wholly devoted to the 
shipping business. In the latter of these stores, stea7n 
elevators raise barrels of flour from floor to floor, with 
extraordinary rapidity. 

The wharfs constructed in the most durable manner, 
is about a half a mile in length, and lake vessels of any 
size can draw up along side it. 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH, 103 



Hamilton — • Hamilton and Toronto Railway, 

Passengers who get out of the cars here can leave 
every morning by the mail boats for Montreal, Kings- 
ton, Ogdensburg, Cobourg,Toronto, and all other lake 
a.nd river ports. These steamers are, of course, fitted 
up with all of that regard for elegance and comfort for 
which American boats are so widely famed. The com- 
pany's steamers, the " Canada " and the "America," 
are to run from Hamilton to Oswego, immediately, 
leaving each of thos(3 ports every evening. 

A word as to the hotels. The '■'■Gity^^'' '•'•Btirlington^'' 
'■'•Hamilton,^'' ^'■Norion^s" and very many other hotels, 
can accommodate any number of guests, and too much 
can not be said in praise of the spirited exertions made 
by their proprietors to please the traveUng pubhc. 

Surrounded by a productive country, connected by 
railway with the marts of the west, the natural head 
of navigation on Lake Ontario, gifted by nature with a 
healthful and pleasant location, it is hardly possible 
that Hamilton should not be what it is — an attractive 
and a flourishing city. A branch of the Great Western 
Railway, 

mtffz ?l!amiIton antJ SToronto SHafltoag, 
Commencing at the Hamilton station of the Great 
Western Railway, runs parallel with that road a mile 
and a half along the snore of Burlington Bay ; the two 
roads then diverge, the Great Western taking a course 
nearly due west, and the Hamilton and Toronto a 
north-easterly course, varying but little from a direct 
line for tliirty-three miles, thence nearly due east into 



104 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 

Desjardine's Canal — Wellington Square Station. 

Toronto, the whole distance being about forty miles, 
and nearly parallel with the shore of Lake Ontario, not 
varying more than one and three-fourths miles from 
the lake at the widest point The Hamilton and To- 
ronto, the Toronto and Guelph, (a portion of the 
Grand Trunk,) and the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron 
railways, all enter Toronto at the same point, near the 
old garrison, and arrangements will probably be made 
to have one general station for all the railways en- 
tering Toronto, 

Leaving Hamilton, the first object of interest is the 
Desjardines canal, two miles from the Hamilton station, 
a ravine with a deep, marshy bottom, crossed by a 
strong trestle bridge, supported on piles driven through 
an embankment ten feet above the level of the marsh. 
Length of bridge, seven hundred feet on the top, and 
height of rail fifty-seven feet above the level of the wa- 
ter. The next three miles is a rapid succession of deep 
ravines, crossed by soHd embankments on stone culverts. 
At the seventh mile from Hamilton, is the WelUngton 
Square station. The village hes on the lake shore one 
and a quarter miles s6uth of the station. We are now 
on the plains, the grade of the road varying very httle 
from a level. At the thirteenth mile is the Twelve 
Mile Creek, a deep ravine, with a clear stream and a 
rocky bottom, crossed by a strong timber truss bridge 
of six spans, supported on piers and abutments built 
of first class stone and brick. Length of bridge, five 
hundred and fifty feet; height of rail above stream, 
sixtv-five feet. On the east side of the creek, and 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 105 



Bronte Staiion — Oakville Station. 



adjoining the plauk road from Milton to Bronte, is the 
Bronte station. The village lies on the lake shore, one 
and a hah" miles south of the station. A great quan- 
tity of wheat and lumber is shipped here for exporta- 
tion. At the seventeenth mile, we come to the Sixteen 
Mile Creek, a deep ravine with a clear stream and hard 
bottom, at this point, crossed by a strong timber truss 
bridge of five spans, supported on piers and abutments 
of first class stone and brick work. Length of bridge, 
five hundred feet; height of rail above stream, seventy- 
eight feet. The creek is navigable for schooners to 
within four hundred yards of the bridge. On the east 
side of the creek is the Oakville station, a Httle less than 
a mile from center of village. This is the most import- 
ant village on the route. Here are several ship yards 
which turn out a number of first class schooners annu- 
ally. A large quantity of wheat is shipped here for ex- 
portation. In the twenty-sixth mile is the river Credit, 
a fine rapid stream, extensively used for mill power 
throughout the whole of its course; but here it is a 
marshy creek, nine hundred feet wide, being only seven 
hundred yards from Lake Ontario, cx'ossed by an em- 
bankment and a timber truss bridge of two spans of 
eighty-four feet each, resting on piles protected by a 
double row of close piHng round each pier filled up 
with cobble-stone. Level of rail above water, twenty 
feet. On the eastern bank is the Port Credit station, 
in the tillage of that name. At the twenty-ninth mile 
is the river Etobicoke. The valley is sixteen hundred 
feet wide, crossed by a sohd embankment, and the 



I. 



106 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



River Mimico — River Humber — Toronto. 

Stream by a timber truss bridge of two spans of ninety 
feet each, resting on piers and abutments of first class 
masonry. Level of rail above stream, thirty-three feet. 
On the thirty-third mile is the river Mimico, ravine five 
hundred feet wide, crossed by an embankment and 
stream by a timber truss bridge of one span of ninety 
feet, resting on abutments of first class masonry. Level 
of rail above water, thu-ty-six feet. On the thirty-fifth 
mile is the river Humber. At this point, a deep marsh, 
(being at its confluence with the lake,) four hundred feet 
wide, crossed by an embankment and a timber truss 
bridge of two spans of one hundred feet each, supported 
on piles, protected by a double row of close pUing round 
each pier. The railway then follows very near to the 
lake shore iuto Toronto. The maximum grade is forty- 
five feet to the mile, of which there are three lengths, 
amounting to only two miles in all, and one piece half 
a mile long of forty-one feet per mile ; all the rest 
varies but httle from a level, and the curves in the line 
are few and very easy. The highest speed and safety 
is expected to be attained. This road forms the con- 
necting Hnk between the Grand Trunk and Great 
Western railways, and is leased by the latter. It will 
form a link in the main route from that portion of 
Canada north-east of Hamilton, to the south and west. 

The chief town in Upper Canada, is situated on an 
arm of Lake Ontario, thirty-six miles fi-om the mouth 
of the Niagara river. Its early name was Little York. 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 



107 



Toronto — Dundurn Castle — Desjardine's Canal. 

It was first surveyed in 1793. In the last war, it was 
taken by the Americans, April 27th, 1813;'in an assault 
led on by General Pike ; but in the moment of triumph, 
that gallant officer with many of his comrades, was 
killed by the explosion of the enemy's magazine. In 
1832, it contained but four thousand inhabitants. In 
1834, it was incorporated as a city. It now contains 
about fifty thousand inhabitants, and is one of the 
most beautiful and flourishing cities in the two provin- 
ces. It is the seat of three colleges, and numerous 
high schools. Among its many fine buildings are the 
Parliament House, the governor's residence, the col- 
leges, Osgooc^e Hall, the banks, the custom-house, 
and lunatic asylum. Return to Hamilton. 

From the railroad, west of the station at Hamilton, 
the view is extremely beautiful. On the north, the 
eye follows the bright waters of Burlington Bay, as 
they sweep along banks studded with villas and groves, 
until their silvery sheen blends with the soft blue of 
the distant lake. On the south, the city is spread out 
in panoramic view from mountain to bay ; and promi- 
nent among all is Dundurn Castle, the residence of 
Sir AUen McNab — looking down as proudly in the 
strength of battlement and tower, as if it shared in the 
pride of its knightly owner. Scarcely beyond the 
western limit of the city, the railroad crosses the Des- 
jardine's Canal, which connects Hamilton with Dundas. 
From the raUroad bridge, a good view is obtained of 
the suspension bridge which spans the canal at a point 
a few rods to the south. The structure of this bridge 



108 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTOillAL 



Dun das. 



is similar in ererj respect to the Niagara Suspension 
Bridge,' of which it was doubtless an imitation. 

West of Hamilton, the road passes by a heavy grade 
through a range of hills — a continuation, doubtless, of 
the mountain ridge which has attended us on the south 
from the banks of the Niagara. Th^ highest hills, for 
some distance, we shall now have on the north, and a 
range of lesser elevation on the south, with an irregular 
and picturesque valley between. About three miles 
west of Hamilton the higher range rises precipitously 
to the height of nearly two hundred feet, and the valley 
sinks correspondingly low. On the narrow ridge be- 
tween the verge of the valley and the foot of the moun- 
tain the railroad runs till we reach 



From Hamilton, 5M miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 4S}i " 

" Detroit, 1S0)4 " 

No town between the termini of the Great Western 
road is so favorably situated to be viewed aa a whole, 
with one sweep of the vision, as Dundas ; and none, we 
may add, leaves a more favorable impression on the 
mind of the tourist. From the elevation of the road 
looking down into the valley beneath, the eye com- 
mands a distinct view of every part of the town, yet 
under such favoring limitation of distance as to conceal 
minor defects, and give the whole the most graceful 
arrangement of which it admits. 

Dundas, as already incidentally stated, as connected 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 109 



Dundas — Flamboro* — Fairchild's Creek. 



with Hamilton by the Desjardines Canal, which runs 
through the valley to Burlington Bay. The town has 
a valuable supply of water power, and has long been 
known as a manufacturing place of considerable note. 
It contains seven churches, three flouringmills, a 
paper-mill, a very extensive foundry, a large ax fac- 
tory, a last factory, a sash factory, a corn-broom factory, 
and several other establishments of hke importance. 

Leaving Dundas for the west, the land is extremely 
uneven — alternating deep valleys with "difficult" hills. 
The timber for some distance is the short mountain 
pine. 

From Dundas, - - 33^ miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 52 " 

" Detroit, 177 " 

This is a small village of about three hundred and 
fifty inhabitants — though a village, will be looked for 
from the station in vain. The stream which passes as 
the "Dundas Sb-eam," at Dundas, is appropriated by 
the name of the " Flamboro' Stream," There4Are three 
or four small mills near by, and two churches in the 
village. 

JFairc|)nu*s Crcett, 

Prom Flamboro', 10>< milea. 

" Niagara Falls, 6'2}4 " 

" Detroit, 1663^ " 

The Gait branch of the Great Western here con- 
nects with the Main Trunk. The branch road turns to 
the north-west from the station, and proceeds twelve 
miles to 



110 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Gait — Paris. 



The town, so called in honor of the aiathor of this 
name, is a thriving manufacturing place, situated on 
both sides of the Grand River, and contains upward of 
three thousand inhabitants. It has four flouringmiUs, 
two foundries, two woolen factories, a last factory, a 
pail factory, two ax factories, a large paper-mill, two 
bank agencies — one of the Gore Bank, and one of the 
Commercial Bank of the Midland District — two newspa- 
pers, and six churches. The late increase of the place 
shows how much it owes to its branch of the Great 
Western. Stages leave Gait station, on the arrival of 
the afternoon train, for Preston, Berlin, Waterloo, St. 
Jacobs, Hayesville, Petersburg, Stratford, Harperhay, 
CUnton Corners, and Goderich ; also, New Hope, Gnelph. 

Leaving Fairchild's Creek, the land is still uneven 
but fertile and well cultivated. Eight mUes further 
west we pass over Paris Bz'idge. 

From Fairchild' s Creek, 9K miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 12)^ " 

" Detroit, 15QK " 

This is a place of about two thousand inhabitaata. 
situated on a hill-side, a quarter of a mile distant from 
the station-house. It takes its name fi-om the beds of 
plaster of paris in the vicinity. A small stream, called 
Smith's Creek, flows through the place, separating it 
into an upper and a lower town, and supplying a con- 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. Ill 



Buffalo and Brantford Railroad — Princeton — Woodstock. 

siderable amount of water power. Paris has two 
flouringmills, two plaster-mills, a woolen factory, three 
foundries, a Bath brick factory, an agency of the Gore 
Bank, a newspaper, and six churches, and is also a 
telegraph station. The beds of plaster of paris near 
by are a source of considerable revenue to the place. 

At Paris, the Great Western Road is intersected by 
the Buffalo and Brantford Railroad. 

About two miles and a half west of this place 
we cross Smith's Creek. The land as we proceed 
grows more and more even, and the pine timber less 
abundant. 

Stages run regularly between Paris, Gait, Ayr, Scot- 
land and Simcoe. 

33t:inccton, 

From Paris, 7 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 79)i " 

" Detroit, 149%-" 

A few scattered buildings, as seen from the station, — 
said to contain two hundred inhabitants, and an Epis- 
copal church. \ 

From Princeton, ' 11% miles, 

" Niagara Falls, 91 " 

" Detroit, 138 " 

Visible from a point about half a mile west of the sta- 
tion, the county town of the county of Oxford, laid 
out in 1883, and now containing about thirteen hun- 
ared inhabitants, a court-house and jail, a registry- 
office, a grammar school, and six churches. 



8 



112 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



"Woodstock — BeachviUe — IngersoU. 



Stages leave Woodstock for Simcoe, OtterviUe, and 
places south, on arrival of the trains from the west; 
to Stratford and other places north, every evening^ 
Sundays excepted, on arrival of the afternoon train 
from the east. 

To the west of Woodstock, the road is bounded for 
some distance on either hand by a range of hills. 

From Woodstock, 5 miles, 

" Niagara Falls, 96 " 

« Detroit, 133 " 

A town of about four hundred inhabitants, lying on 
the bank of the river Thames, south of the station- 
house, and in full view from the road. There are two 
churches in the place — an Episcopal and a Presbyte- 
rian, — a gristmill, sawmill, carding machine, fulling- 
mill, tannery, distillery, and post-office. ■ 



From Bbechvillb, 

" Niagara Falls, 

" Detroit, 



4K miles. 
lOOM 
128^ 



This place is very prettily situated on a hiU-side, 
south of the road, with the river Thames running be 
tween them. It contains about five hundred inhabit 
ants,, and has a flouringmiU, a foundry, a fullingmill 
and five churches. This place is also noted as a ship 
ping station for lumber. 

A stage runs daily between Ingcrsoll and Vienna. 

The surface of the land in this nei2;hborhood is roll- 



GUIDE TO J"HE WEST AND SOUTH. 113 

Dorchester — London. 

ing — the timber mostly hard wood, interspersed here 
and there with the short mountain pine. 

From Ingersoll, 9K miles, 

« Niagara Falls, „ 109M " 

" Detroit, , 119>^ " 

A station south of the road, on the bank of the 
Thames, with extensive pine woods in the rear. The 
land Hes tolerably high, but the country wears a newer 
aspect than before, and the tourist is, therefore, the 
more unprepared to meet with so large and elegant a 
town, in its midst, as 

SlonUotT, 

From Ingersoll, 9>^ miles, 

" Niagara Falls, 119>^ " 

" Detroit, 109^ " 

The capital of Middlesex county, is situated on an 
elevated plain, at the confluence of the two branches of 
the river Thames. The view of the place from the 
railroad station gives no adequate impression of its 
beauty or size. 

London was first laid out in 1826, and increased so 
rapidly that in 1834 a second survey was made, and 
sufficient land added to the town plot tb include within 
its limits an area of fourteen hundred acres. Of this, 
five acres were reserved for a grammar school, the 
same quantity for a market, and ten acres for a public 
square. 



114 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND jPICTORIAL 

London — London Bridge. 

Beside being the county seat of Middlesex, London 
is the trading center of a wide and prosperous agricul- 
tural region, has agencies of the Bank of Upper Can- 
ada, the Commercial Bank, the Gore Bank, and the 
Bank of Montreal; two extensive foundries, several 
mills, and supports four newspapers — the Gore Mer- 
cury, the Prototype, the Free Press, and the Times. 

London has some fourteen churches in all, many 
of them handsome structures. In particular we may 
mention for their architectural beauty, the Church of 
England, and the Romish Church, the former of which 
is said to be the handsomest Gothic building in Upper 
Canada. The population of London is about twelve 
thousand. 

Stages leave Robinson Hall daily, Sundays excepted, 
for Goderich, Port Sarnia, Port Stanley, Stratford, and 
places intermediate. 

One mile west of the town the railroad crosses the 
London Bridge, the best structure of the kind on the 
road — carried over the river Thames on three timber 
arches. The length of the bridge is four hundred feet; 
its height above the water, twenty nine feet ; the 
span of each of its ai^ches, one hundred and thirty feet. 
Leaving London, the land continues high and somewhat 
uneven for a distance, but finally spreads out into 
broad and fertile flats as it approaches Lobo. 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 115 

Lobo. 



From London, lOX miles. X 

" Niagara Falls, 129>^ " 

" Detroit, 99>^ «. 

This is a little village of about eighty inhabitants, 
situated a mile and a half to the south of the station, 
in the midst of a flat but fertile and well cultivated dis- 
trict pf country. At Lobo the road strikes an airline, 
and keeps it uninterruptedly for a distance of fifty-six 
miles. From this place the surface of the country is 
low, level, and, in many places, even swampy, through 
the remainder of the road to Windsor. The interme- 
diate places set down on the time tables of the rail- 
road company are mostly mere station-houses, without 
any adjacent villages to answer to the names ; or, when 
otherwise, the buildings are so few, or so scattered, or 
so distant from the road, as to puzzle the tourist to 
recognize them as towns. We shall, therefore, merely 
note down the several remaining stations on the route, 
with their relative distances, and the changes in the 
face of the country which may happen to coincide 
with their respective stations. 

Throughout the entire exteitt of the airline, the 
scenery is extremely uniform, the road running over a 
low embankment, through a flat, and, for the most part, 
thinly settled region, and flanked on either side by an 
almost unbroken forest of black ash, elm, and such other 
timber as usually grows on low ground. 



116 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Adelaide Road — Ekfrid — Mosa — Thamesville — Chatham. 



From LoBO, 5 miles. 

« Niagara Falls, 134^ " 

" Dktkoit, „ U)4 " 

From Adelaide Road,. 5 milea. 

" Niagara Falls, 1S9K " 

" Detroit, - 89>i " 

J^osa. « 

From Ekfrid, 9}4 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 149 " 

" Detroit, — 80 " 

From Mosa, C2 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 155>i^ " 

" Detroit, IZ^i " 

®|)ames\)iUe, 

From Wardsville, 13 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 168K " 

" Detroit, 60K " 

€:]^at|)am, 

. From Thamesville, 15 miles. 

" Niagara Falls, 183K " 

" Detroit, 35>^ " 

Chatham, the capital of the county of Kent, is a 
well built and thriving town on the bank of the river 
Thames. It was originally laid out by Governor Sim- 
coe, and for the last ten years has increased rapidly. It 
now contains six churches, several mills, two foundries, 



GUIDE TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. llV 

Chatham — Baptists Creek. 

two machine shops, two tanneries, a woolen factory, 
etc. "Within the last few years a new jail and court 
house have been erected, at an expense of about six 
thousand pounds. This is a handsome structure, built 
whoUy of white Kmestone, from the Anderdon quarries. 
A new bridge has lately been constructed across the 
Thames at this place, at a cost of two thousand pounds. 

The town is situated on the north side of the road, 
about a mile distant from the station. 

Two or three miles west of Chatham a prairie 
sweeps off on either hand, and extends to the shores 
of Lake St. Clair ; hraited, however, on the north and 
south by woods, at an average distance of a mile from 
either side of the road. About nine miles west of 
Chatham the road comes in sight of Lake St. Clair, 
along the southern shore of which it continues to 
Windsor. The coast of St. Clair is low, even, and 
but lightly timbered. Often the eye may wander for 
miles over low, cultivated plains, without meeting 
with a single stump or otb sr object to interrupt the 
monotony of .ae surface. This low land is covered 
with an ^.avial deposit of extraordinary fertility, and 
in ^ .^mer forms a waving expanse of the richest 
' cigetation. 
^ 23a|3tiste ©reeft, 

|r From Chatham, 15 miles, 

" Niagara Falls, 196^ " 

" Detroit, 32>^ " 

A little west of the station the railroad crosses the 
creek of this name. 



118 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL 



Rochester. 



3^oc!)ester« 

Prom Bapti STB Creek, , 13K milea. 

« Niagara Falls, 210 " 

" Detroit,.... 19 " 

213Fintrsor, 
The western terminus of the Great Western road, is 
situated on the Detroit river, opposite the American 
city of Detroit, of which it commands the best pos- 
sible yiew. 

The village was incorporated in 1834 ; and its present 
population is about fifteen hundred. The reason of 
this great disparity between the number of its inhab- 
itants and the importance of its situation is, that much, 
if not most of the business done here, is in the hands 
of residents of Detroit. The bank of the river is here 
about thirty feet high, and the distance between the 
opposite shores, half a mile. Two steam ferry-boats 
ply between Windsor and Detroit, in connection with 
the Great Western and Mic'iigan Central railroads. The 
time occupied in crossing is about five n. 'ites. 

The Great Western connects with 3ficu, ""i Cen- 
tral Railroad for Michigan City, Chicago, etc.; ji> •-»»< 
and Pontiac Railroad; Chicago and Burlingtou, 
Galena and Chicago Union ; Chicago, Alton and ^, 
Louis ; and Illinois Central railroads. 



REFEESHMEIT SALOONS 


AND 


TELEGKAPH STATIONS. 


For convenience of reference, we arrange the Re- 


freshment Saloons and Telegraph Stations in columns 


below : 


3aefresl)ment Saloons.* 


Suspension Bridge, London. 


Hamilton. Paris. Steamer Transit. 


S^eltgrap!) Statfons. 


Suspension Bridge. 


Woodstock. 


St. Catharines. 


Ingersoll, 


Grimsby. 


London. 


Hamilton. 


LOBO. 


DUNDAS. 


Wardsville. 


Fairchild's Creek. 


Chatham. 


Galt. 


Windsor. 


Paris. 




•Cars stop ten to fifteen minutes. 



SIGNALS. 



The signaJa on the Great Western road have been 
devised with care, and are observed with the most 
rigid exactness by every officer on duty. The follow- 
ing statement will afford the tourist a ready key to 
their meaning. 9 

Of the colors : red signifies danger, and means stop ; 
green signifies caution, and means proceed slowly ; 
white signifies all right, and means go on. In the 
day-time there are four signals used: 1st, the sema- 
phore or station signal, which is simply a sign-board, 
and means, when extended horizontally, stop; when 
raised to the angle of forty-five degrees, or only half 
ways, proceed cautiously; when not seen, all right. 
2nd, the switch-signal, which is attached to each switch 
leading into the main line : if the switch is all right, 
no signal is shown; if the switch is turned for the 
siding, a red oval signal is shown, when the train 
must stop, unless it is going into the siding ; in which 
case the switchman shows a green flag by day, and a 
green light by night. Sd, ihe Jlag-signals, a green and 
a red flag. 4th, the distance-sig7ial, consists of a half 
disc, and is placed at drawbridges, junctions, and other 
places where it may be necessary. It remains con- 
stantly on, and is turned off, if the hne is clear, upon 
the whistle announcing the approach of a train. 



GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 121 



Train Signals 



■The night signals are the same as those of the 
day, excepting, of course, that colored lights are used 
exclusively. 

KxRln Signab, 

One red light and one white hght on front of an 
engine denote a gravel train. A green hght on front, 
and tail, of a train indicates that a special or extra 
train will speedily follow. 

In the day-tirae, a red flag placed in front of the 
engine, and a red board, ^^ engine follows^''^ on the 
rear of the train, denote that a special or extra train 
will speedily follow. 

After dusk or in a fog, every train, or engine with- 



miERMEDIATE AND TOTAL 

TABLES OF DISTANCES 

ON THE 

GEEAT CENTEAL EOUTE, 

VIA NIAGARA FALT^S, 

TO AND FROM NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON, SARATOGA 

SPRINGS, AND CHICAGO, AND THENCE TO THE 

WEST AND SOUTH. 



TABLES OF DISTANCES 



TO AND FROM 



I^IAGAEA FALLS A]\^D THE EAST MJ) WEST. 



NEW YORK CEMHAL EAILROAD, 

CONNECTING WITH 

Hudson River Railroad and Boats on the Hudson River, 
and Railroads for the New England States. 



ilnter-i Total 

NIAGARA FALLS* TO imedi-| Dis- 

ate. itance. 



Suspension Bridge,. 

Pekin, .. 

Lockport, ... 

Gasport, 

Middleport, 

Medina,... 

Knowlesville, 

Albion, 

Murray, 

HoUey, 

Brockport, 

Adams' Basin, 

Spencerport, 

Rochester, 

Fairport, 

Macedon, 

Palmyra, 

Newark, 

Lyons,... 

Clyde, 

Savanah, 

Port Byron, ., 

Weedsport, 

Jordan,...'. 

Canton, 

Warners, 

Syracuse, 

Manlius, 

Kirkville, 

Chittenango, 



..2. 



...2 
..10 
..20 
-.25 
-.31 
-.36 



..51 
..64 
..59 
..64 



-76 
..86 
..95 
..99 
.107 
.112 
.119 
.126 
.133 
.136 
.140 
.146 
.148 
.157 
.165 
.168 
.172 



ALBANY TO 


Inter- 
medi- 
ate. 


Total 
Dis- 
tance. 


Troy, 






Schen-ectady, 

Hoffman' s, 

Crane's Village, 

Amaterdam, 

Tribe's Hill, 

Fonda, 


.17- 
-.9. 
..4- 
-.3- 
-6- 
5 


-.17 
-26 

-30 

-33 

-39 

44 


Yost's, 


5 


49 


Spraker's, 


3 


5-? 


Palatine Bridge, 

Fort Plain, 


-3. 
3 


-65 
58 


St. Johnsville, 

Little Falls, 


-.6- 
-10. 


..64 

..74 
81 


Ilion,... 

Frankfort, 

Utica,... 

Whitesboro', 


.-2- 

..3- 

--9- 

4 


-83 

.-86 

-.95 

QQ 


Oriskany, 


3 


10"? 




7 


109 


Green's Corners, 

Verona, 


..5. 
4 


.114 
118 


Oneida, 


4 


T>,'?, 


WampsviUe, 

Canastota, 

Canasaraga, 

Chittenango, 

Kirkville, 

Manlius,. 


.-3- 
2 

Va'. 

..2_ 

.-4. 

3 


-125 
.127 
-131 
-133 
-137 
140 


Sj'racuse, 


-8- 


-148 



126 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 



NIAG. FALLS TO 


luter- 
me- 
diate. 


Total. 




2 


174 


Canastota, 

Wampsville, 

Oneida, 


.-4. 

..2. 

8 


.178 
.ISO 
1,S8 


Vernon, 

Green's Corners, ... 

Rome, -. 

O.riskany, .- 

Whitesboro', 

Utica 

Frankfort, 


.A. 
.A. 
..5. 

..4. 
9 


.187 
.191 
.196 
.203 
.206 
.210 
219 




8 


299 


Herkimer, 

Little Falls, 

St. Johnsville, 

Fort Plain, 

Palatine Bridge, 

Spraker's, 

Yost's, 


2. 
..7. 
.10. 
..6. 

3. 
..3. 

8 


.224 
.231 
.241 
.247 
.250 
.253 
?M 


Fonda 


ft 


261 


Tribe's Hill, 


5 


.266 

272 


Crane's Village, 

Hoffman's 


..3. 

4 


.275 


Schenectady, 

Trov, I 


..9. 
.17. 


.288 


Albany, I 


.305 



ALBANY TO 



Inter-[ 
me- I Total, 
diate. I 



Warners, 

Canton, 

Jordan, 

Weedsport, 

Port Byron, 

Savanali, 

Clyde, 

Lyons,--. 

Newark, 

Palmyra, 

Macedou, 

Fairport, 

Rochester, 

Spencerport, 

Adams' Basin, 

Brockport, 

Holly, 

Murray, 

Albion, 

Knowlesville, 

Medina, 

Middleport, 

Gasport, 

Lockport, 

Pekin, 

Suspension Bridge 
Niaa^ara Falls 



.9. 1-157 
.2. 1-159 
.6.1-165 
..4 1.169 
..3.1-172 
..7.1.179 
..7.1.186 
..7.1-193 
..5. .198 
..8. .206 
..4.-210 
..9.i.2]9 
10;i.229 
10-1-239 
..2.1-241 
..5 1-246 
..6_1.261 
.-3-1-254 
..5-1-259 



.10-1.269 
..5.1.274 
..6.-280 
..5.1-285 
.10:|-296 



-305 



*Connects with Niagara Falls and Lewiston Railroad. 
" Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad. 

" Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad. 

" Great Western Canada Railway. 

" Erie and Ontario Railroad. 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 


12V 


1 

HUDSON EIVEK RAILROAD, 
Coiinecting with the N.Y. Central R. R. for Niagara Falls. 


TROY TO 


Inter- 
me- 
iiate. 


TotaL 


NEW YORK TO 


Inter- i 
me- { Total, 
diate., 


East Albany, 


..6. 


...6 
-.14 


31st Street, N. Y., .. 

Manhattan, 

Yonkers, 

Hastings 


-.3. 
..5- 
..9. 

4 


...3 

...8 


Scliodack 


P, 


-.17 


Stuyvesant, 


-i- 


-24 

..27 

-.30 

S4 


Dobbs Ferry 


1 


oo 


Stockport, 3- 




?; 


--25 




9 


OY 


Oak Hill 1--6- 


..40 


Sine Sino" 


5 1 -^2 


Germantown, . 


5 


45 


Crugers, 


..4-1. .36 


Tivoli, 


5 


..50 


Peeks-ville, 


7 


43 


Barrytown 






Garrison's 


8 


51 


Rhinebeck, 


q 


-.59 


Gold Spring, 

Fisbklll 


3 


^_54 


Staatsburg 


fi 


..65 


6 1 60 


Hyde Park, . 


4 


fi9 


New Hamburg, 

Pokeepsie, 


-.6.!. .66 
9 1 .75 


Pokeepsie, 


fi 


..75 


New Hamburg,. .... 
Fislikill, 


..9. 

6 


..84 
-.90 


Hyde Park, 


. .6-1-. 81 




4 I-.85 


Cold Spring, ... 

Garrison's, 

Peekskill, 


..6. 
..3_ 

8 


..96 
-.99 
.107 
.114 
.117 
.123 
-125 
.128 
-129 
.133 
.142 
_147 
J 50 


Rhinebeck 


6 1 91 


Barrytown, 




Tivoli 


q 


100 




7 


Gei-maatown, 

Oak Hill, 


..5. 


.105 


Sing Sing, 

Tarrytown, 

Irvington, 

Dobbs Ferry, 

Hastings, 

Yonkers, 


..3- 
..6. 

2 
'.'.3, 
..1. 

4 


-110 


Hudson, 

Stockport, 


..6- 
4 


.116 
120 


Coxsackie, 

Stuyvesant, 

• Schodack, ' 

Castleton, 


..3. 
..3- 

..7- 
3 


.123 

-12fi 
133 


Manhattan, 


q 


-136 


SlstStreet, N. Y.,..L-5- 
NewYork, 1.3 


East Albany, 

Trov 


..8- 
-.6. 


-144 

.150 

















128 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 



ELMIEA, CANANDAIGUA & N. F. R. R., 

Connecting vnth the NewYork and Erie Railroad for N.Y. 
and Williamsport & Catawissa, and other Railroads, 
for Philadelphia. 



Niagara Falls, 

Cayuga Creek, 

Tonawanda, 

Vincent, 

Transit,... _. 

Clarence C, 

Akron, 

Richville,..- 

East Pembroke, 

Batavia, 

Stafford, 

Le Roy, 

Caledonia, 

Canal, 

G. V. R. R. Junct'n, 

Honeoye Falls, 

West Bloomfleld,..- 
Miller's Corners, ... 

Sast Bloomfleld, 

Canandaigua, 

Hopewell, 

Gorham, 

Hall's Corners, 

Bellona, 

Benton, 

Penn Yan,... 

Milo Center, 

Himrod's, 

Starkey, 

Big Stream, 

R'k Stream, 

Jefferson 

Havanah, 

Millport, 

Horseheads, . 

Junction, 

Ehnira, 



ELMIRA TO 



Junction,... 

Horseheads, 

Millport, 

Havana-, 

Jefferson, 

R'k Stream, 

Big Stream, 

Starkey, 

Himrod's, 

Milo Center, 

Penn Yan, 

Benton, 

Bellona, 

Hall's Corners, 

Gorham, 

Hopewell, 

Canandaigua, 

East Bloomfleld, ... 

Miller's Corners, 

West Bloomfleld,.-. 

Honeoye Falls, 

G. V. R. R. Junct'n, 

Canal, 

Caledonia, .. 

LeRoy, 

Stafford, 

Batavia, 

East Pembroke, 

Richville, 

Akron, 

Clarence C.,....l 

Transit, I 

Vincent, 

Tonawanda, 

Cayuga Creek, 

Niagara Falls, 

Suspension Bridge,. 



..30 
..33 
..37 
..41 
-.45 



.51 

.55 
,.58 
.63 



..95 
-.96 
-102 
.109 
.113 
.119 
.125 
.132 
.135 
.142 
-146 
-162 
-155 
.161 
.166 
.168 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 



129 



NEW YORK AND ERIE RAILROAD, 

Connecting, at Elmira, with Elmira, Canandaigua and 

Niagara Falls Railroad. 



ELMIRA TO 



Wellsburg, 

Chemung, 

Waverly, 

Barton, 

Smithbci'o',.-. 

Tioga, -.^ 

Owego,.., 

Campvillc, 

Union, 

Binghamptoa, 

Kirkwood, 

Great Bend, .. 
SusquehanDEe,. 

Deposit, 

Hale's Eddy,.. 

Hancock, 

Stockport, 

Lordville, 

Hankin's, 

Callicoon,".... 
Cochecton, ... 
Narrowsburg,. 
Mast Hope, ... 
Lackawaxen,.. 

Shohola, 

Port Jervis,-.. 

Otisville, 

Howell's, . 

Middleto^vm,,.. 
HamptoQ, .... 
Goshen, .,,... 
Chester,..,,.,. 

Junction,. . 

Oxford, 

Monroe, 

Turner's, 

Greenwood, , 

Southfield'8, .. 
Sloatsburg, 



...7 
-.13 
..18 
..25 
-27 
-.32 
-.37 
..44 
..50 
..59 

-.73 
..82 
--97 
.102 
.110 
.115 
.120 
.131 
.138 
.143 
.152 
.158 
.163 
.167 
.196 
,208 
.213 
.217 
.220 
,224 
.229 
,230 
232 
234 



240 
242 

248 11 



NEW YORK TO 



Jersey City, 

Bergen, • 

Hackensack Bridge, 

Boiling Spring, 

Passaic Bridge, 

Huylor's, 

Paterson, 

Godwinville, 

Hohokus, 

Allendale, 

Ramsey's, 

Suffern's,... 

Ramapo, 

Sloatsburg, 

Southfield's, 

Greenwood, 

Turner's, 

Monroe, 

Oxford, 

Junction, 

Chester, 

Goshen, 

Hampton, 

Middletown, 

Howell's, 

Otisville, 

Port Jervis, 

Shohola, 

Lackawaxen, 

Mast Hope, 

Narrowsburg, 

Cochecton, ; 

Callicoon, \ 

Hankin's, | 

Lordville, ! 

Stockport, 

Hancock, 

Hale's Eddy, 

Deposit, 



Inter-i 
me- [Total, 
diate,! 



...1 

...3 

...•7 



..12 
..13 
..17 
..22 
..24 



.28 



..34 
..36 
..43 
..45 

-.48 
..50 



..56 
..56 
..60 
..64 



.108 
.112 
.117 
.123 
.132 
.137 
-144 
.154 
.160 
-165 
-1T3 
-178 



130 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 



ELMIRA TO 



Ramapo, 

Suffern's, 

Ramsey's,... 

Allendale, 

Hohokus?, 

Godwinville, 

Paterson, 

Huyler's, 

Paasaic Bridge, 

Boiling Spring, 

Hackensack Bridge, 

Bergen, 

Jersey City,> 

Xew York 



Inter-' Inter-i 

Total. NEW YORK TO ™«- TotaL 

Giat«. I diate. 



.-2.1.250 
..2.1.252 
.-4.1.258 
..2.|.2o8 
..2.1-260 
..2.1-262 
..5-1-267 
..5-1-272 
..1.1-273 
..2,1.275 
..2,-277 
..4-1.281 
..2.|_2S3 
_, 1.1.284 



Susquehanna,. 
Great Bend,... 

Kirkwood, 

Binghampton, 

Union, 

Campville, 

Owego, 

Tioga, 

Smithboro',,.. 

Barton, 

Waverly, .:. 

Chemung, 

Wellsburg, 

Elmira" 



.193 
.201 
.207 
-216 
.224 
.231 
.238 
-243 
.247 
.250 
.257 
.261 
.267 
.274 



GKEAT WESTEEN RAILWAY, 

Connecting with tlie Michigan Central Eailroad for the 
Y/est and South. 



N. FALLS TO 



Thoroia, 

St. Catherines,.. 

Jordan, 

BeamsTille, 

Grimsby, 

Stoney Creek,... 

Hamilton, 

Dundas, 

Flamboro', 

Fairchild's Creek, 

Gait, 

Paris, , 

Princeton, 

"Woodstock, 

Beachville,. . ; 

Ingeraoll, 

Dorchester, 

London, 



diato. 1 



..2..!. 11?^ 

..5M1-17..- 
..6--1.22.. 
..4.'4J-26M 

.10.. .;^M 

..6%;.43ii 

..3>^|.52.. 

.12..|.74>^ 
..9MI-72>^ 
..7..1,79>i 
.11^1-91.. 
.5. .1.98.. 

-9KI109K 
.-9KI119M 



DETROIT TO 


■ Inter- , 
! me. Total. 
diate. | 


Windsor, 


! j 


Rochester, 

Baptiste Creek,... 

Chatham,. 

Thames vi He, 

Wardsville, 


'.i9..i.i9-. 

-13>^|.32J^ 
.13- 1-453^ 
.16.. 1-601^ 
.13..\.73)i 
..6M!-80.. 


Ekfrid, 

Adelaide Road,... 

Lobo,. 

London, 


-5.. .94>/ 
-5..1.99K 
.10^11093^ 


Dorchester, 


.-9J^|119i^ 




..9Kil283^ 


Beachville, 


. 41^1133. 


Woodstock, 


..5. .1138.. 


Princeton, 

Paris,.. 


.llK|l49?i 
..7 .'imX 


Fairchild's Creek, 


.-9M!166K 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 



131 



N. FALT,S TO 


Inter- 


1 Inter- \ 
Total. . DETROIT TO j ^^^_ j Total. 


Lobo 


..5.. 
5 


129)2^ 
134M 
139M 
149.. 
1-55J2 
168^^ 
183J-^ 
196,;^ 
2101^ 

229.. 


Gait, 1-12.. Il78^ 

Flamboro', .10>^ 177.- 

Dundas \..S}< ISOK 


Adelaide Road,. - 
Ekfrid 




..9« 


Hamilton, j.-5>i 185M 


Wardsville, 


(3 }■:, 


Sloney Creek, '--6% 1923^ 


Thamesville, 


-13-. 

.15.. 
.13.. 

-133.^ 

-19.. 


Grimsby, I - 10 . . 202>^ 

Beamsville, <-A^^20'' . 


Baptiste Creek, .. 
Rochester, 


Jordan, 


-.5 '212.. 


St. Catherines, .-. 
Thorold, 


.-5K!217K 
-.2. '219% 


Detroit, 5 


Niagara Falls, 


--9>^|229.. 



MICHIGAN CEIfTSAL EAILEOAD, 
Connectmg, at Chicago, with Eailroads for the South and 

Y/est. 



DETROIT TO 


Inter- 
me- 
diate. 


Total. 


Dearborn, 


.10- 

8 


-.10 

18 


Ypsilanti 


T^ 


.-30 


Ann Arbor, 

Delhi, 


-.7. 
4 


..37 
.-41 
.46 
..55 
-.65 
..76 
..86 
.-96 
-IGS 
-121 
.134 
.141 
.150 


Dexter 

Clielsea, 

Grass Lake, 

Jackson, 

Parma, 

Albion, 

Marshall, 

Battle Creek, 

Galesburg, 

Kalamazoo, 

Paw Paw, . . 


-.5- 
-.9- 
.10. 
-11- 
.10. 
-10- 
-]2. 
-13. 

v.T. 

9 


Decatur, 

Dowagiac, 

Poka'^oE, . 


.17- 
. ll- 


.167 
-178 

184 


Nih-s'; 

Buchanan,... 


-.7. 
-.5. 


-191 

.190 1 



CHICAGO TO 



Three Mile Side, 

Junction, 

Gilison's, 

Lake. 

Porter, 

Michi.ean City,.. 

2s^ew Buli'alo, 

Terre Coupe, 

Buchanan, 

Nil(?s, 

Pobagon, 

Dnwagiac, 

Decatur, 

Paw Paw, 

Kalamazoo, 

Galesburg, 

Battle Creek, 

Marshall, 

Albion, 

Parma, 

Js.ck.son, 



.14-;. .14 
.10.|..24 
.10.1. .34 
..8-I-42 
.12. 1. .54 
.10.1.-64 
-.6-1. .80 
-.6.1.-86 
-5. 1 91 
.-7-1-.98 
.-6-1-104 
-11-1.115 
..8.1.123 
.-7-1.140 
--8-I-148 
--3-1-161 
.13-1-174 
-12-!- 186 
.10. j -196 
.10-1-208 



132 TABT.-RR OF DISTANCES. 


DETROIT TO 


Inter- 
me- 
diate. 


TotaL 


I Inter- 

CHICAGOTO l^^«^ 


7ot»l. 




Terra Coupe, 

New Buifalo, 

Michigan City, 

Porter, 

Lake, 


..6- 
.16. 
-10- 
-12. 

8 


.202 
.218 
.228 
.240 
.248 
.258 
.268 

1278 


Grass Lake, 9. 

Chelsea, 12. 

Dexter, ..9. 

Delhi, I..6. 

Ann Arbor, I. .4. 

Ypsilanti, I..7- 

Wayne, !.12. 

Dearborn, ...'..8. 

Detroit, |..6. 


.215 
.227 
.236 

.241 
.245 
.252 
.264 
.272 
.278 


Gibson's, 

Junction, 

Three Mile Side,— 
Chicago,- 


-10- 
.10- 

:io: 










WILLIAMSPOST AND ELMISA R. R., 

Connecting the Elmira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falls 

with Cat.,Will. & Erie K. R. for Philadelphia. 


ELMIRA TO 


Inter- 
medi- 
ate. 


Total 


, , Inter-! 

WILLIAMSP T TO !^^^ Total. 


SLate Line, 

Dunning's, 

Columbia Road, 

Troy, 

Granville, 

Alba, 


-.9. 

..4. 
..8- 
-4. 
-.5. 
..4- 
4 


...9 
..13 
..21 
..25 
..30 
..34 
..38 


McKinney's, 5-. ...5 

Mahaffey's, 2. ...7 

Cogan's Valley, ..1. .. 

Crescent, 8. ..11 

Trout Run, 4. ..15 

Field's, - 3.. ..16 


Ralston, 

Lycoming, 

Bodine's, 


-15. 
-.3. 


..63 
..56 
..58 


Bodine's, j.-l. 


..20 
..22 


Ralston, |..3. 

Canton, !.14. 

Alba, i..5. 

Granville, !..4. 

Troy,.... .I..4. 

Columbia Road, |..5. 

Dunning's, j..8. 

State Line, ' 3 


..25 
..39 
.-44 
..48 
..62 
..57 
.-65 
68 


Dubois, 


1 


.-59 


Field's, 


R 


62 


Trout Run, 


-.1. 

4 


..63 

-.67 


Cogan's Valley, 

Mahaffey's, 


-.3. 
1 


..70 
--71 


McKinney's, 

Williamsport, 


J: 


-73 

-78 


Elmira, !.io. 


..78 





TABLES OF DISTANCES. 133 


CATAWIS3A, Wn.T.TAMSPOET & ERIE R. E., 

Connecting with Will. & Elmira, and Elmira, Canandai- 

gua and Niagara Falls Eailroads 


williamsp't to 


me- 
diate. 


Total. 


PHILADELP'a TO 


Inter- 
diate. 


Total. 

-78 
-.88 
-98 
-110 
.123 
-130 


Muncy, 

Uniontown, 

Milton 


.10. 

.10. 

7 


..10 

..20 


Port Clinton, 

Ringgold, _ 

Tamaqua, 

Summit, 

Ringtown, , 


-78. 
.10. 
.10. 
.12. 
.13. 
7 


Mooresburg, 

Danville, 

Rupert. 

Catawi^sa 


.10. 
-.6. 

-.7. 


-37 
..43 
-.50 

62 


Mainoville 


8 


138 




7- 


-.59 




7 


.145 


Beaver .... 


8 


67 


Rupert, 


'>: 


-147 




7 


-74 


Danville, 

Mooresburg, . 

MUton, 

Uniontown, 

Muncy, 

Williamsport, 


-7. 
..6- 
.10. 
-.7. 
.10. 
-20- 


-154 
.160 
.170 

-177 
.187 
.197 


Summit, 


.13. 
.12. 
.10. 
.10- 

.78- 


-87 
-.99 
.109 
.119 
.197 


Ring2;,old, 

Port Clinton, 

Philadelphia, 








SC?HENECI 

Oonnecting, at Sch 

r< 


ABYAISTDSAEATOGARB 

enectady, witH the N. Y. Cent 
)ad for Magara Ealls^ 


•> 

ral Eail- 


1 Inter- j 

N.FALLS TO | -tc^'^^- 


SARATOGA TO 


Inter.j 
me. Total, 
diate. 


Rochester, 1.76.!. .76 


Ballston, . 


-7. 7 


Schenectady, 

Ballston,. 


212- 
-15. 

7 


.288 
.303 
-310 


Schenectady, 

Rochester, 

Niagara Falls, 


.16. 1. .22 
212.1.234 
.76.1.310 




'' 



134 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 


WESTEEH EAILEOAD. 
Gonnecting with the H. Y. Central E. S. for Boston. 


ALBANY TO 


Inter 
diate 


.Total. 


BOSTON TO 


iiate. 


Total. 


Greenbusli 


1 1 


I 1 


Worcester, 

Clappville, „ 

Charlton 


..9. 

4 


..63 
-67 


Schodack, 

Kinderhook, 

Chatham Center,... 
Chatham Four C'rs, 

East Chatham, 

Cauaau, 


-.7. 
-.8. 
.A. 
-.3. 
-.5. 
5 


-.20 

.-23 

.-28 
.-33 


Spencer, 

East Brookfield, 

Brookfield,- 

West Brookfield, ... 
Warren 


.-5. 
-2. 
.-3- 
-.2. 

A 


..62 
-64 
..07 
.-69 
..73 


State Line, 


ii 


--3S 




?. 


--41 


Brimfield, 






Shaker Village, 

Pittsfield, 


..5_ 


-.46 
-.49 


Palmer, 

Indian Orchard, 


.10- 

..9. 

6 


..83 

..92 

98 


Dalton, 


^ 


^4 




^ 


fi7 


West Springfield,-. - 

Westfield, ..„ 

Russell,- 

Chester Village, 

Chester Factory, ..- 

Middlefield, - . 


..2- 
..8_ 
-8- 
..3- 

-.7. 


.100 
.108 
.116 
.119 
-126 


Washington, 

Becket, 


.-5. 
8 


-62 
..65 


Middlefield 






Chester Factory, ... 

Chester Village, 

Russell, 


-.9. 

-.7- 
3 


-.74 

-81 
..84 


Becket, 


9 


.135 


Westfield, 


8 


92 


Washington, 

Hinsdale, 

Dalton, 

Pittsfield 


-.3. 

-5. 
-3. 


.138 
-143 
-146 
-151 


West Springfield,... 

Springfield, 

Indian Orchard, 


-.8. 

-.2. 

-.6. 

9 


.100 
-102 
-108 
117 


Shaker Village, .... 

Richmond, 

State Line, 

Canaan 


-.3. 
-.6- 
--3- 


.154 
-159 
-162 
167 


Brimfield, 






Warren, 

West Brookfield, ... 

Brookfield,.- 

East Brookfield,.. 5 


-10. 
..4. 
..2. 
..3. 


-127 
-131 
-133 
.136 
-138 


East Chatham, 

Chatham Four C'rs, 
Chatham Center,.. . 

Kinderhook, 

Schodack, 


-5- 
-.5- 
-.4- 
..3- 
8 


-172 
-177 
.181 
-184 
-192 


Charlton, 


..6. 
4 


-143 
-147 


Worcester, 

Boston, 


..9. 

-44. 


-156 
_200 


Greenbush, 

Albany, 


..7. 
-1. 


-199 
.200 


















TABLES OF DISTANCES. 135 


GREAT NOETHERN ROUTE, 
Via Lake Ontario and the Northern Railroad for Boston. 


N. FALLS TO 


Inter- 
(S.te. 


Total. 


BOSTON TO 


Inter- 
me- 
diate. 


Total. 




fi 


6 


Lowell, - 

Nashua, 

Manchester, .... 

Concord, 

White Rivei Junct. . 

Northfield, 

Essex Junction, 

Rouse's Point, 

gdensburg,. 


.26- 
.15. 
.18. 
.17- 
.69. 
.53. 
.43. 
-47. 
118. 
298. 
..6. 


..26 
..41 
..59 
..76 
.145 
.198 
.241 
.288 
.406 
.704 
.710 


gdensburg, 

Rouse's Point, 

Essex Junction, 

Northfield, 

Wiiite Kiver Junct.. 

Concord, 

Manchester,.. 

Nashua, 

Lowell, 

Boston, 


298- 
118. 
-47. 
.43. 
.53. 
.69. 
.17. 
.18. 
.15- 
.26- 


.804 
.422 
.469 
.512 
.565 
.634 
.651 
.669 
-684 
.710 


Niagara Falls, 








SARATOGA SPRINGS, 

Via Great Northern Route, Northern Railroad, and Lake 

Champlain. 


N. FALLS TO 


Intor- 
medi- 
ate. 


Total. 


SARATOGA TO 


Inter- 
djate. 


Total. 


Lewiston, 

gdensburg, 

Rouse's Point, 

Plattsburg, 

Burlington, 

Ticonderoga, _ _ 

White Hall, 

Sandy Hill, ...:.... 
Saratoga Spring's, - - - 


. 6- 

298- 
118- 
.20- 
.18. 
.40. 
.23. 
.15 
-10. 


...6 

.304 
.422 
.442 
-460 
.500 
-523 
.538 
.548 


Sandy Hill, 

White Hall, 

Ticonderoga, 

Burlington, 

Plattsburg, 

Rouse's Point, 

gdensburg, 

Lewiston, 

Niagara Falls, 


.10. 
.15. 
.23. 
.40. 
-18. 
.20. 
118. 
298. 
-.6. 


..10 
..25 
..48 
..88 
.106 
.126 
.244 
.542 
.548 





136 



TABLES OJ DISTANCES. 



HIAGAEA FALLS AWB MONTEEAL, 
Via Lake Ontario and Eiver St. Lawrence, or Kailroad. 



N. FALLS TO 



Lewiston, 

Niagara, 

Ogdensburg, 
Montreal, 



|290. 
a40- 



-.14 
.304 
.444 I 



j Inter- 

MONTREAL TO | ,?f 



gdensburg, 1 140 . . 140 

Niagara, [290. |. 430 

Lewiston, j.-8- -438 

Niagara Falls, I..6-].444 



BUFFALO, NIAGARA FALLS AND LEWISTON E. E. 



LEWISTON TO 



Suspension Bridg 
Niagara Falls, .. 
Cayuga Creek, .. 

Tonawanda, 

Black Rock, 

Buffalo, 



Int( 
me- [Total, 
diate.i 



..A 
6.-- 
-.11 
-.17 
-.24 
-.28 



Inter- 

BUFFALO TO !">«-! Total. 



Black Rock, 

Tonawanda, 

Cayuga Creek, 

Niagara Falls, 

Suspension Bridge,. 
Lewiston, 



..4 
.11 
--.,-17 
.5. ..22 
.2. ..24 



EEIE AND ONTARIO EAILEOAD. 



NIAGARA TO 


diate.] 


CHIPPEWA TO 


Inter-I 
me- 1 Total, 
diate.} 


Stamford Junction, 
Suspension Bridge,. 

Clifton House, 

Chippewa, 


..3.|..10 
..2.1 .12 
-.3-1.-15 


Clifton House, 

Suspension Bridge,. 
Stamford Junction,. 
Niagara, -. 


..3-i-3. 

..2-1-5. 

..3-1-8. 
..7-1-15. 



TABLES OF DISTANCES. 137 



TOTAL TABLES OF DISTANCES. 



NIAGARA FALLS TO 

New York City, 

Via New York Central Railroad, ..455 miles. 

Yia Elmira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falls R.R.452 " 
Philadelphia, 

Via Elmira, Canandaigna & Niagara Falls R.R.434 miles. 
Boston, 

Via New York Central and Western Railroad,. 505 miles. 

Via Great Northern Route, 648 « 

Saratoga Springs, 

Via New York Central and Schenectady & 
Saratoga Springs Railroads, 310 miles. 

Via Great Northern Route, -..-794 '* 

Montreal, 

Via Great Northern Route, 444 miles, 

Detroit, 

Via Great Western Railway, 229 miles. 

Caioago, 

Via Great Western Railroad, and Michigan 

Central Railroad, 507 miles. 

Buffalo, 

Via Buffalo, Niagara Falls & Lewiston R. R.. 22 miles. 




138 



TABLES OF DTSTAXCES- 



CHICAGO Mm EOCK ISLAm) EAIL EOAD. 

Connecting at Chicago with all the great lines &om the 
East, -Eortti and South. 



CHICAGO TO 


illitei> 
ldia,U. 


TotaL 


Junction, 


1 fi 


6 


Bluelslandj 


.10- 

7 


-.16 

9-^ 


Mokena, 


7 


30 


Joliet, 

Minooka, 

Morris, 

Seneca, 

I^Iarseil les, 

Ottawa, 


-10- 
-11- 
.10- 
.10. 
-.5- 


-40 
-.51 
--62 

.-72 

-.77 

84 


Utica, 

LaSiiUe, 


-10- 
5 


-.94 


Peru, 


1 


100 


Trenton, 

Bureau June 

Snoemvine, 


-10- 
--4- 


.110 
.114 

122 


Henrv, • 


5 


197 


Lacon, - . 


7 


134 


Chillicothe, 

Rome, 


--8. 


.142 
135 


Mo^sville, 

Peoria, .. 

Tiskilwa, 

Fond Creek, 

Sheffield, 

Auiwan, 

Geueseo, 

Colona, 

Moline, ! 

Rock Island, ] 


'lo! 

.-8- 
--7- 
..8_ 
-.9- 
-13-1 
-10-1 
-10-1 
-.3-1 


.151 
-161 
.122 
.129 
.137 
.143 
-159 
_169 
.179 
.182 



R. ISLAND TO 


ilntcT- 


TDttd. 


Moline, 




;...3 
1..13 
1..23 
1..36 
1..45 
53 


Calona, 


l-io. 

1-10. 
1-13- 
1-.9- 

I 8 


Annawan, . 


Sheffield, 

Pond Creek, 


Tiskilwa, 


; 7 


..60 
-.68 
..lO 
--15 
..18 
-26 
-.33 
..39 
-47 
72 


Bureau Junction,.. 
O fMoRsville, ..... 

H Rome, 

^ Chillicothe,.... 

^ < Locan, 

^ Henry, 

M Snochwine, 

^ 1, Bureau June... 
Trenton, 


I-.8. 
i.lO- 
I-.5. 
1-3- 
1,-8-' 
I..7. 
I. .6. 
!..8. 


Pern, ., 

La Salle, 


I.IG. 
1 1 


..82 
83 


Utica, 


' 5 


88 


Ottawa, 

Marseilles, 


5 


-.98 
.105 

no 


Morris, 

Minooka, 

Joliet, 

Mokena, 


.10- 
-11. 
.11- 


.120 
.131 
.142 
.152 
75q 


Blue Island, 

Junction, 

Chicago, 


--7- 
.10. 
..6. 


.166 
-176 
.182 



The trains over this road leave Chicago, for Peoria, at 2 P. M. 
and 11 P. M.; for Rock Island at 9 A. M. and 11 P. M., connect- 
ing cirect from trains of both the Michigan Central Rail 
Road, and Canada Route, and Michigan Southern R. R. and 
Lake Shore Route, and by their connections from all parts of 
the East and South. 

Tickets to be had at most Railroad Offices East and South of 
Chicago. 

For connecting and time table, see small bills. 

JOHig- F. TKACY, Supt,. 



liRIO m ST. UieiNCE 

STEAMBOAT COMPANY 

liLEN, President. Capt. J. VAN CLEYE, Treasurer. 



AMERICAN EXPRESS LIHE. 

LAKE STSAMERS. 

Or^TA???CS,-- CAPT. TEIROOP. 

SAY STATE, - CAPT. ledyard 

r-30i;5THEIir^Ee, capt. child. 

CATARACT,- — — - -CAPT. ESTKS. 

SIVSB ST. LAIT^RENOE STEAMSRS. 
JEl^MY Ufm, CAPT. MOODY. 

BRITISH Em^lUE, capt. allen. 

BRITISH QUEEf^, ....capt. LAFLAMAiE. 



One of the above large and magnificent Lake Steamers will 
leave Lewiston and Niagara (Niagara River) daily, at 3 o'clock 
P. M.. (except Sunda3-8.) connecting at Ogdensburgh with one 
of the above beautiful River Steamers, and also the Northern 
Ogdensburgh Rail Road for 

IV10^4T^EAL, QUEBEC,, SARATOGA, 

TROY, ALB A.NY<fe NEW YORK 

A View of the Scenery on this Route, is fully equal to the 
Fare; passing the Thousand I.-;lajids and Rapids of the St. 
Lawrence, (by daylight ) Mountains ol Vermont, New Hamp- 
shire anil Lake Champlain. 

THROUGH TICKETS can be procured at the principal Rail 
Road and Steamboat Office- East and West, at 

SAM'L SIIEAIl-^ Ig't, M, HAIVP ILL, A^n 

Ciiftnn House, 0pp. N. Falls Depot, Buffalo. 

D. H. TMfJMiS, lg% J, CUillML^GS 

Opp.N.T.G. Depot, SMpn Bridge. J ff|f)fj|^^ 

Ag'ts, Niagara Falls. 
lES- B^CZJIE^^^^r, Gen'l Agent, 

No. 1, Cataract Hotel Block, Niagara Falh. 



THE STEAMEK 

"Will Ply Daily, [Sundays Excepted,] 

JDuring the season, as 

A PLEASURE BOAT 

Between the Suspension Bridge and Canada Falls. 

TOUCHmG AT THE EEEEY LAlTBmGS 

On either side of the Eiver. 



The Boat passes nearly two' miles through the 

GOKGE OF THE.MIAGAEA ! 

and affords the tourist subUme and comprehensive views 

of all the points of interest on the trip 

The "New Maid of the Mist" has been built without regard to 

expense; is 170 tons burthen-, is propelled by a powerful engine 

of over 100 horse power, and furnished with Francis' Life Boats 

and all the modern improvements. 

The IS oat Trill be under the CJomssisind and 

PILOTAOE OF JOST. ROBINSON, 

RENOWNED FOR HIS FEATS IX 

IsT AVI GA TING THE KAPIDS 
OF NIAGARA. 

FARE FOR TIfE 1»I.EA§URE: TRIS», 50 CTS 



OMNIBUSSES WILL RUN FROM THE HOTELS 
In connection with the Boat. 



n.^...,jb€^ 



A 



(t-i. 



PRINi, BOOKSEUER, II 

ST^TIOISTER, 

Oflace of the Niagara Times and International 
Kail Road Guide. 



-^ WJL.I. iSTfO'CSBE OF- 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC STATIONE 

Also, a good Stock of Miscellaneous Bound Boo3 

And all kinds of 

CHEAP PUBLICATIONS, 

CONSTANTLY , ON HAND. 



BOOK, & ALL KINDS OF JOB PRINTJ 

WEt.!D EXE€UTE», SUCH AS 
PAMPHLETS, 

PROGEAMMES, 

HOTEL'^AHDS, 

BILLS OF LADING, 

BILLHEADS, POSTESJ 
BALL TICKETS. &C 



:Nifaflara Elmtn, 



A Quarto sheet, $1,50 per Annum, in advaiiee, or 
if not in advance. 



Xixtetnatfonal 3^nil 3aoa1i dSixiXHt, 

160 Pages, isBued Monthly at $1,50 per Annul 
vertisements g-olicited. 



MAIN STREET, at the head of Goat Island Bridge Street, • 



RD 161 





























7^- 












mf/ 



v^. 



<^' 




■^^^A 



